MM, Lfere'nce Centr L ..i... ..J... - July 1977 Hand Pumps Published und€. the !oint sronsor'p of the UnIted Nations Envronp-ient Proamme ( and the World Health Organization TechncaI Paper Series ABSTRACT "Hand Pumps for Use in Drinking Water Supplies in Developing Countries". Technical Paper No. 10, International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply, Voorhurg (The Hague), the Netherlands. Various paging (approx. 210 pp.). July 1977. A state of the art report. Topics discussed include rationale for use of hand pumps, history of hand pumps, description of various types of hand pumps (including reciprocating, diaphragm, rotary, helical rotary, bucket, chain, windlass, and various traditional low lift, slowrnoving water lifting devices used since ancient times) The principles of operation; nomenclature; hydraulic, structural, and energy analysis; and the design of each component of reciprocating hand pumps are described with examples. Also administration of hand pump programmes with emphasis on installation and maintenance practices. Recent handpump research and indigenous pumps manufactured with plastic, steel, wood, and bamboo components. A final chapter described manufacture of pumps in foundries, machine shops, and using intermediate technology. Key words: Hand pumps, rural water supply, developing Countries, reciprocating pumps, appropriate technology, hand pump design, hand pump maintenance, hand pump manufacture, hand pump research and development. Established in 968 at the Netherlands National Ia,oitcte for hster Sopply in 000rburg (The Togae), the WHO International Reference Centre for Coeseunity Water Supply (ICC) in based on an agreemea t be trees the Wand Health Organization and the Netherlaads Gaverament. In clase contact with WHO, the TIC Operates as the ,enu, of ewor Id- wide networb of regienel and ouriaea 1 onllaboreejog instieaeioon, both in developing and indasnrialized 000ntnies. The general objective of the ICC is to promo te inrernatione I cooperueian•n the field of ceesouniry water nupply. Operating as a catalyst, the SOC works elesely tegcther with its collaborating institutions as well as international agenoies, national entitieu and individualu. Requests for information on the tIlt, or enqoinies on specific problens may be directed to the Intecnational Reference Centre for Conesanity Water Supply, Information Section, P.O. Ton 140, 2260 AC Leidnchendnm, the Netherlands. 1kk- —v- INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE CENTRE FOR COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY HAND PUMPS FOR USE IN DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PREPAREL) BY F.)EUGENE McJUNKIN Published under the joint sponsorship of the UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME and the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ii -. .: j Technical Paper no. iO\o' i July 1977 4RY TAT Nw, Havenstraat 6, Voorburg (The Hague) The Netherlands Postal Address: P.O. Box 140, 2260 AC Leidschendarn, The Netherlands The information on hand pumps as consolidated in this handbook, has been collected in the course of severa' years. The material was reviewed and evaluated during 1976 and the first half of 1977. Every attempt has been made to include all information considered pertinent. While comprehensive on the subject of hand pumps, the handbook is not claimed to be either exhaustive or final. Certain hand pump development work, research efforts or test programmes may have escaped the search for information. Besides, new information and data of relevance will no doubt continue to result from on-going hand pump programmes. The present document, therefore, is likely to require revision at some future stage. It is intended to undertake this work when appropriate. Readers are invited to give their comments and suggestions for any changes, corrections and additions which they consider necessary or useful. Such contributions will be gratefully accepted and used in the future revision of the handbook, and will be duly acknowledged therein. Communications should be directed to International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply, P.O. Box 140, 2260 AC Leimlschendam, the Netherlands. E.H.A. 11ofkes Project Coordinator This report is issued on the responsibility of the 111-13 International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply. It does not necessarily represent the decisions erthe stated policy of either the World Health Organization or the United Nations Environment Programme. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sec tion Paqe PREFACF .......................... EXECUTIVE STJItHARY ..................... 11 INTRODUCTION ....................... 19 1.1 Background ........................ 19 1.2 Sources of Information .................. 22 1.3 Limitations of the Report ................. 23 2 TYPES OF 1-lAND PUHPS .................... 25 2 2.1 History .......................... 5 2.2 Shallow Well Reciprocating Lift Pump ........... 26 2.3 Deep Well Reciprocating Lift Pump ............. 28 2.4 Reciprocating Force Pumps ................. 29 2.5 Diaphragm Force Pump ................... 31 2.6 Rotary Pump ........................ 31 33 2.7 Bucket Pumps ....................... 2.8 Chain Pumps ........................ 35 2.9 Sanitary Rope and Bucket Mechanism ............ 35 2.10 Hydraulic Ran ....................... 36 8 2.11 Traditional Water Lifting Devices ............. 3 3 HAND PUNPS STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY ............ 41 3.1 General .......................... 41 3.2 Nomenclature ....................... 41 3.3 Fundamental Hydraulics .................. 43 3.4 Structural Analysis .................... 49 3.5 Energy Analysis ...................... 56 3.6 Handle Assembly ...................... 62 3.7 Connections, Pins and Bearings .............. 74 3.8 Pump Stand (Standard, Barrell, Head, Hydrant, Pump Body, Column) .......................... 82 3.9 Pump Cap (Cover, Cap, Ring, Top) ............. 83 3.I0 Pump Rod (Connecting Rod, Plunger Rod, Piston Rod, Sucker Rod, Well Rod) ................... 86 3611 Drop Pipe (Riser, Riser Pipe, Rising Main, Discharge Pipe, Sucker Pipe, Suction Lift Pipe) ........... 87 3,12 Suction Pipe (also see Drop Pipe) ............. 88 3.13 Plunger Assembly (Plunger, Piston, Bucket, Lift Bucket, Sucker) .......................... 88 3.14 Cup Seals (Cups, Buckets, Plunger Cups, Piston Cups, Leathers, Packing Cups, Packing Leathers) ......... 90 3 Section Page 3.15 Valves (se.e text for different names) 91 3.16 Cylinders ......................... 96 3.17 Cost Comparison of Alternative Rand Pumps ......... 99 3.18 Hand Pomp Specifications ................. IC] 4 ADMINISTRATION OF A FIANI) PUMP PROCRAP4E .......... 137 4.1 Organization ....................... 107 4.2 Planning and Engineering ................. 109 4.3 Installation ....................... 109 4.4 Maintenance ........................ 116 5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON HAND PUMPS .......... 131 5.1 l-listoricil ........................ 131 5.2 AID/Battellc Hand Pump Development ............ 132 5.3 Study of Existing I-land Pumps for Shallow Tube Well.s nest Calcutta ......................... 137 5.4 MlO/UNICEF/[ndia 0268 Study and Development of Deep He.)) Hand Pumps (rho Bangalore Pump) .............. 139 5.5 UNICEF/Bangladesh Shallow Well Hand Pump Development - . 47 5.6 Cami t3 Inter—Af ri rain d' Etudes Hydraul iq L1C5 (CTFH) Studies in Upper Volta including the Hydro—Pompe Vergnet 1.52 5.7 Other Research and Development .............. 158 5.8 Inte.rmediare Tcrhnolugy .................. 167 5.9 General Observations ................... 168 6 LOCAL MANUFACTURE OF HAND PUMPS .............. 171 6,1 Backgro'.'nd ........................ 171 6.2 Conventional Cast Iron Hand Pumps ............. 172 6.3 i-land Pumps made from Steel Tood or PLastic Pipe Component.; 184 6.4 Shop Welding and Fabrication ............... 188 6.5 Hand Pumps made by Village Artisans ............. 90 6.6 'Traditions)" Water Lifting Dovi rca ............ 193 6.7 Pump Cylinders ...................... 196 6.8 Pump Leathers (Cup and Valves) .............. 196 6.9 Pump Handles ........................ 97 Bib. Bibliography ....................... 199 L. List of Mnufacturers' Literature ............. 213 Annex A List of Participant; in lOternationat WurRsbop on Hand Pumps 217 Annex B List of Conrrihutorc.................... 219 Annex C Directory of Hand Pump Manufacturers ........... 221 Annex D Internatictial. Agency Abbreviations ............ 227 Annex E Conversion ci Measurement Units ............. 229 4 F IGURES Sect ion Page Summary "The Farmyard Pump' . 13 1 1-1 Population of most Developing Countries is predominantly rural ..................19 1-2 1-low a Hand Pump (System) Works ............24 2 2-I Typical Shallow Well Lift Pump ............ 27 2-2 Illustration of Operation of Plunger-type Pump . 27 2-3 Deep Well Lift Pump .................. 29 2-4 Force Pumps ...................... 30 2-5 Cross-Section of a Diaphragm Pump ........... 31 2-6 Cross-Section of a Rotary Pump ............ 31 2-7 Cross-Section of semi-Rotary Pump ........... 32 2-8 Cross-Section of Helical Rotor Pump .......... 32 2-9 Bucket Pump ...................... 34 2-10 Chain Pump ...................... 34 2-I1 A Sanitary Rope and Bucket Well ............ 36 2-12 Typical Hydraulic Ram ................. 37 2-13 Improved Dug Well and Counterweighted Bailer used in the Philippines .................... 39 3 3-1 Hand Pump Nomenclature ................ 42 3-2 Swept Cylinder Volume ................. 44 3-3 Nomograph for Hand Pump Discharge ........... 45 3-4 Static Head for Hand Pumps .............. 47 3-5 Dynamometer Measured Pump Rod Tension ......... 52 3-6 Mechanical Advantage of