Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chemistry Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Other Disciplines FE Specifications Chemistry: 7–11 FE exam problems A. Periodic Table (e.g., nomenclature, metals and non-metals, atomic structure of matter)- 8Q’s B. Oxidation and Reduction – 4 Q’s C. Acids and Bases – 5 Q’s D. Equations (e.g., stoichiometry, equilibrium) – 7 Q’s E. Gas Laws (e.g., Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws, molar volume) – 4 Q’s Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review A. PERIODIC TABLE: NOMENCLATURE, METALS AND NON-METALS The Periodic Table is divided into three regions: metals, non-metals, and metalloids Materials composed of all the same type of metal or non-metal are simply named by their element symbol. Proper nomenclature requires identifying if a compound is composed of: metals & non-metals (ionic) non-metals & non-metals (molecular) A. Periodic Table 3 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review metals metalloids non-metals (Periodic Table from chemistry section of FE Reference Handbook) A. Periodic Table 4 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Ionic compounds are composed of metals and non-metals If the metal is from periodic table column I, column II, or aluminium, name of the compound with the metal name and the non-metal name with a substituted -IDE ending CaCl2 is calcium chlorIDE (chlorine chloride) Na2O is sodium oxIDE (oxygen oxide) Al2S3 is aluminium sulfIDE (sulfur sulfide) A. Periodic Table 5 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Ionic compounds are composed of metals and non-metals If the metal is NOT FROM periodic table column 1, column 2, or aluminium, name of the compound with the metal name (roman mumber representing charge) and the non-metal name with a substituted -IDE ending FeCl2 is iron (II) chloride (each Cl is -1 so Fe is +2) TiO2 is titanium (IV) oxide (each O is -2 so Ti is +4) Tl2S3 is thallium (III) sulfide (each S is -2 so Tl is +3) A. Periodic Table 6 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Ionic compounds are also composed of metals or ammonium and polyatomic ions, show below. Cations 1+ 1+ NH4 ammonium ion H3O hydronium ion Anions 1- 1- C2H3O2 acetate ion OH hydroxide ion 2- 1- CO3 carbonate ion NO3 nitrate ion 1- 1- ClO4 perchlorate ion NO2 nitrite ion 1- 1- ClO3 chlorate ion MnO4 permanganate ion 1- 2- ClO2 chlorite ion O2 peroxide ion 1- 3- ClO hypochlorite ion PO4 phosphate ion 2- 2- CrO4 chromate ion SO4 sulfate ion 2- 2- Cr2O7 dichromate ion SO3 sulfite ion 1- A. Periodic Table CN cyanide ion 7 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Polyatomics are used in the ionic name without change. NaOH is sodium hydroxide, and Fe(OH)3 is iron (III) hydroxide CaSO4 is calcium sulfate, and CuSO4 is copper(II) sulfate NH4Cl is ammonium chloride, and (NH4)3PO4 is ammonium phosphate A. Periodic Table 8 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Molecular compounds are composed of non-metals The non-metal on the left of the period table is named as-is and the non-metal or the right of period table is name with a substituted -IDE ending. Greek prefixes are used to indicate how many of each atom type is present. # atoms Prefix # atoms prefix 1 mono 6 hexa 2 di 7 hepta 3 tri 8 octa 4 tetra 9 nona 5 penta 10 deca A. Periodic Table 9 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Molecular compounds are composed of non-metals Greek prefixes are used for all atoms in a molecular compound, except when there is only one of the first atom type N2O3 is dinitrogen trioxide N2O is dinitrogen monoxide NO2 is nitrogen dioxide A. Periodic Table 10 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A1: Identify the name of Mg(OH)2 A) Magnesium (II) hydroxide B) Magnesium dihydroxide C) Magnesium hydroxide D) Magnesium epoxide A. Periodic Table 11 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A2: Identify the name of MnCO3 A) Manganese carbide B) Manganese (II) carbonate C) Manganese (I) carbonate D) Manganese carbonate A. Periodic Table 12 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A3: Which material is platinum (IV) bromide? A) Pt4Br B) PtBr2 C) PtBr3 D) PtBr4 A. Periodic Table 13 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A4: Identify the name of SO3 A) Monosulfur trioxide B) Sulfur (VI) oxide C) Sulfur trioxide D) Sulfur trioxygen A. Periodic Table 14 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A5: Which material is dichlorine heptoxide? A) Cl2O7 B) Cl3O6 C) ClO7 D) Cl4O7 A. Periodic Table 15 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review A. PERIODIC TABLE: ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER # of protons defines the element: known as Major Subatomic Particles atomic number Particle Mass (amu) Charge # of protons and neutrons gives the Electron (e-) 0.0005 -1 atomic mass Proton (p+) 1.0078 +1 # of protons minus the Neutron (n0) 1.0087 0 # of electrons gives the charge A. Periodic Table 16 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review A. PERIODIC TABLE: ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER For example, iron (Fe) has an atomic mass as 56 for the most common isotope, and +3 as the most common charge. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in 56Fe3+? The periodic table provides the 26 number of protons: 26 The atomic mass - #protons gives Fe the neutrons: 56 – 26 = 30 55.847 A. Periodic Table 17 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review A. PERIODIC TABLE: ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER For example, iron (Fe) has an atomic mass as 56 for the most common isotope, and +3 as the most common charge. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in 56Fe3+? Solve the equation to give #electrons: 26 charge = #protons - #electrons + 3 = 26 - # electrons Fe #electrons = 23 55.847 A. Periodic Table 18 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A6: The element chlorine has two major isotopes. The atomic nuclei of these isotopes contain how many protons? A) 35.453 B) 17 17 C) 6 Cl 35.453 D) 27 A. Periodic Table 19 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A7: How many protons, neutrons and electrons are 17 2- in O ? 8 A) 8 protons, 7.999 neutrons, 10 electrons O 15.999 B) 17 protons, 9 neutrons, 10 electrons C) 8 protons, 9 neutrons, 10 electrons D) 8 protons, 9 neutrons, 6 electrons A. Periodic Table 20 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem A8: What is the correct notation for an ion that has 19 protons, 21 neutrons and 18 electrons? 8 19 A) 40K1+ F K 19.998 39.098 B) 39K1+ C) 40K1- D) 19F1- A. Periodic Table 21 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review B. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Knowledge of oxidation states is required to answer questions concerning oxidation and reduction. Below are some reminders. 1.The oxidation state of an element is 0. Elements are represented as a single atomic symbol (Cr) or molecule composed of one element type (P4) 2.Fluorine (F) in a compound has a -1 oxidation state. So NaF has F-1. (F2 is an element and the F is oxidation state 0.) 3. For compounds, metals in column I have a +1 oxidation state (NaCl Na1+) metals in column I have a +1 oxidation state (CaS Ca2+) 3+ aluminium has a +3 oxidation state (Al2O3 Al ) B. Oxidation and Reduction 22 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review B. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION +1 4. Hydrogen is unusual. It is +1 when bonded to non-metals (NH3 H ) and -1 when bonded to metals (NaH H-1) -2 5. Oxygen(O) in a compound has a -2 oxidation state. So K2O has O . (O2 is an element and the O is oxidation state 0.) -1 6. Group VII atoms in compounds have a -1 charge. So CrCl3 Cl The oxidation state of other elements in a compound can be determined algebraically. In V2O3, O has -2 oxidation state. The entire compound has 0 charge. Therefor 2 x (V ox state) + (3 x -2) = 0. V must be +3 oxidation state. 1+ In NH4 , H has +1 oxidation state. The entire compound has +1 charge. Therefor 1 x (N ox state) + (4 x +1) = +1. N must be -3 oxidation state. B. Oxidation and Reduction 23 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review B. Oxidation and Reduction Relating oxidation states to the period table will allow easier memorization +1+2 +1 or +3 -4 -3 -2 -1 +1+2 +3 -3 -2 -1 +1+2 +2 or +3 -2 -1 +1+2 maybe +1, +4, +5, + 6 +7 -1 +1+2 +1 or +3 +2 or +4 B. Oxidation and Reduction 24 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review B. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Oxidation occurs when an atom loses electrons and becomes more positive in oxidation state. Reduction occurs occurs when an atom gains electrons and becomes more negative in oxidation state. In a Redox reaction, both reduction and oxidation occur. Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu Oxidation: Fe changes from oxidation state 0 in reactant to +2 in product. (oxidation state becomes more positive) Reduction: Cu changes from oxidation state +2 in reactant to 0 in product. (oxidation state becomes more negative) B. Oxidation and Reduction 25 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem B1: Which chemical change below represents the oxidation of nitrogen? - A) N2 NH3 C) N2O NO3 - B) NO N2O2 D) NF3 NO2 B. Oxidation and Reduction 26 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem B2: Which chemical change below represents the reduction of carbon? A) CH4 CO2 C) C2Cl4 CO B) CO2 CO D) C C2H2Cl2 B. Oxidation and Reduction 27 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Review Chem B3: Which chemical change below is not a reduction-oxidation reaction? A) 2K + I2 2 KI C) 4 Fe + 3 O2 2Fe2O3 2+ 1- B) SnO2 + C Sn + CO2 D) Ca + 2 Cl CaCl2 B.