Austria-Hungary Presentation by: Anmol, Avneet, Darshana, Parneet, and Sonya. Emperor of Austro-Hungarian Empire 1830-1916 Franz Josef ● 1848: Revolutions and Wars in Europe: ○ Austria-Hungary was divided ○ Franz Josef Ferdinand's dynasty staggered the Empire which nearly falls to pieces ● 1866: Austro-Hungarian Empire forfeit control of Germany to Prussia after defeat at Kӧniggrätz ○ Hungary recognized the Emperor of Austria as War the “King of Hungary”: increased militarism ● Concert of Europe started falling ● 1882: Otto Van Bismark formed alliances with Before The Italy and Austria-Hungary because of competition of nations Balkans / Powder Keg ● Balkans: ○ cultural and geographical area on Adriatic Sea in southern Europe: limited resource ● 1912: Balkan states attacked Turkey: ○ fighting among themselves ● Powder Keg: ○ area of tension because of the battles of the Balkans ○ Spark that would lead to explosion Balkans - Pan-Slavism ● Pan-Slavism: idea of uniting Slavic peoples (Russians, Serbians, Croatians, Poles, Czechs, etc) of Balkans: ○ threat to Austro-Hungarian Empire’s power ● Several nations under Austro-Hungarian Empire control: slavic and located in Balkans (including Slovenia and Croatia): ○ if united, the Empire would lose its grip on the territory ● Russians: promoted Pan-Slavism to get access to Balkans’ warm-water ports ● Ottoman: controlled area for more than 100yrs: ○ fear to lose more territory Threat of ● Balkans: some counties newly created, Nationalism others independent from Ottoman Empire (disintegrated) ● Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled Slavic regions: wanted independence: rebel ○ Bosnia highly contested as Serbia wanted to include its territory within its borders (Bosnia annexed in 1909: imperialism) ■ Wanted to form Greater Serbia: idea not appealed by Austro-Hungarian Empire ● Intense rivalries: rush to form union among groups working for common goal ○ Hope: reduce threat of war Alliances ○ Reality: members pledged to protect each other ● Early 1900s: Great Powers in alliance with other countries ○ Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany ■ Central Powers: Austria-Hungary + Germany ○ Triple Entente (Allies): Russia, France and Britain ● Nephew of Franz Josef (Emperor of Austro-Hungarian Empire) Franz Ferdinand ○ Ferdinand compelled to 1863-1914 renounce royal privileges ● 1909 : expected to receive Kaiser Wilhelm ll of Germany at a ball Black Hand/Unity/Death ● Viewed Austro-Hungarian Empire as invader ● Same day in 1389: Battle of Kosovo: Serbia freed itself from Turkish rule ● Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and wife during procession Serbia Austria Russia Germany France Chain Reaction As part of the Triple Alliance: Kaiser Wilhelm ll gave blank check + promise to support in case of war 23rd July 1914 Austro-Hungarian Empire’s ultimatum to Serbia At War with Serbia Conrad von Hötzendorf (Chief of General Staff) Supported attack without declaration: preparations for Third Balkan War Leopold von Berchtold (Foreign Minister) Austria-Hungary hoped Russia would resist mobilization (diplomatic manoeuvres) Time 16 August 1914 Antivari, Location Montenegro, Adriatic Sea Supporters of - Austria-Hungary Countries against France and Austria-Hungary Britain Battle of Antivari Outcome Allied victory 28 July 1914 - 3 Time November 1918 Serbia, Location Montenegro, Greece, Albania Supporters of Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary Germany Russia, Greece, Serbia, Countries against Montenegro, Austria-Hungary France and Britain Outcome Allied victory Serbian Campaign 15-24 August Battle of Cer Time 1914 Cer Mountain Location and Kingdom of Serbia Supporters of Austria-Hungar - y Countries against Serbia Austria-Hungar y Battle of Cer Outcome Serbian victory 1-13 December Time 1914 Galicia Location Carpathian Mountains Supporters of Austria-Hungar Germany y Countries against Russia Austria-Hungar y Outcome Austrian victory Battle of Limanowa 27 November-6 Time December 1916 Bucharest, Location Romania Germany, Supporters of Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Countries Russia and against Romania Austria-Hungary Central Powers Outcome Battle of Bucharest victory ● Austro-Hungarian Empire: lost war ● Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved ○ 31 October 1918: Hungarian government terminated Consequences personal union with Austria of World War I ○ Separate countries ● Great loss: Austro-Hungarian Empire was major contributor of manpower and food ○ Casualties: 1,567,000 ppl (civilians: 467,000) ● Austro-Hungarian Empire blamed to had started the war ○ Not worst punishment (Germany) ○ Not allowed to unite with Germany ● Global depression ○ Spared to pay war reparations ○ Lost 75% of territory War ○ No direct access to Mediterranean Sea: weakened economy (tariffs + tolls to pay) ○ Treaty of Trianon: ensured new Hungary Outcome of minimal economic growth Boundaries ● New state of Hungary shrank drastically ○ Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary created out of Russian, Habsburg heartland, German and Austrian old lands ○ In Balkans: Yugoslavia dominated by Serbia 1914 1918 Mason, John W. 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