Conservation Area Character Appraisal and Management Plan Goathland November 2017 2 Contents Summary 3 Introduction 8 Location and context 10 The History of Goathland 12 The ancient street plan, boundaries and open spaces 24 Archaeology 29 Vistas and views 29 The historic buildings of Goathland 33 The little details 44 Character Areas: 47 St. Mary's 47 Infills and Intakes 53 Victorian and Edwardian Village 58 NER Railway and Mill 64 Recommendations for future management 72 Conclusion 82 Bibliography and Acknowledgements 83 Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan for Goathland Conservation Area 2 3 Summary of Significance Goathland is a village of moorland views and grassy open spaces of untamed pasture and boggy verges crossed by ancient stone trods and tracks. These open spaces once separated the dispersed farms that spread between the first village nucleus around the church originally founded in the 12th century, the village pound nearby, and, a grouping of three farms and the mill to the north east, located by the river and known to exist by the early 13th century. This dispersed agricultural settlement pattern started to change in the 1860s as more intakes were filled with villas and bungalows, constructed by the Victorian middle classes arriving by train and keen to visit or stay and admire the moorland views and waterfalls. This created a new village core closer to the station where hotels and shops were developed to serve visitors and residents and this, combined with the later war memorial, has created a village green character and a tighter settlement pattern than seen elsewhere in the village. There is a large number of high quality late 19th and early 20th century architecture throughout the village, incorporating a wide range of revival styles, with a unique concentration of buildings by the architect Walter Brierley. The popularity of Goathland continued into the 20th century, however building styles became more suburban and no longer reflected the distinctive architectural styles of the past. Despite the diversity of building types, the whole village, with the exception of the railway, is unified by the grassy spaces and moorland backdrop. Traditional building materials were of timber and stone and in medieval times up to the 18th century, heather thatch was used as the main roofing material. This changed from the 17th and 18th centuries to red pantiles and they continue to dominate the village and appear plentiful in views from the surrounding moors. Roofscapes cascade along undulating ground or back from the main farmhouse and Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan for Goathland Conservation Area 3 4 are further broken by chimney stacks, water tabling and occasionally, stone kneelers. After the 1860s, Welsh slate was imported, and this is the predominant roofing material at the station. Mock Tudor gables became popular in the late Victorian and early Edwardian period and their bold black and white colours dominate views within the village despite their relatively low numbers. In the 20th century some concrete roof tiles have also been used but these are not characteristic. Stone continues to be the main building type, but the way it was dressed changed from the coursed roughly dressed stone of the 18th century to the rockface stone of the high Victorian period. At the railway station, cast iron painted in NER livery is particularly distinctive. Render was reintroduced in the early 20th century but is only characteristic along the Mill Green Way where brick and render is used. There is a rich mixture of traditional window types, doors, and castiron rainwater goods. Window types to have survived prior to the 1860s, are multi pane sashes or Yorkshire sliding sashes. Slit vent windows hark back to the agricultural origins of the village and survive in some former outbuildings. The influx of Victorian residents introduced a wider range of window types such as rounded arched windows, pointed arched windows, Tudor revival mullioned windows, arts and crafts leaded windows and, later, stained glass windows. Villas with fine moorland views were designed with large bays and top floors fitted with dormer windows completed with bargeboarding and finials. Some shop windows were fitted with ornate wrought iron railings which have remarkably survived. Similarly, door types represented Victorian trends for arched openings, overlights, revivalist styles such as the neo Gothic, and the more common four panel door, while a few agricultural batten plank doors and half stable doors represent the earlier agricultural origins along with redundant gable end dovecots and old farm gateposts. The Edwardian period favoured Arts and Crafts art doors and half glazed doors which continued in use until the 1950s. Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan for Goathland Conservation Area 4 5 The earliest farms probably had no boundaries, and this is still the case at Chapel Houses (the former Cross Pipes Inn), but with the increase in private ownership from the 16th century, but more particularly from the enclosures of the 18th century, boundaries to properties became more important. Today they reflect agricultural origins with dry stone walls, one with a surviving sheep stoop, and some topped with hedging. Later domestic properties have dwarf walls topped with ornate iron railings or mortared coped walls. The Victorians introduced highly dressed gateposts, sometimes with the name of the new house carved on them. The 20th century saw the introduction of some mixed suburban wall types, rusticated boundary walls and picket fences, but some new materials have detracted from the historic interest of the village. Collectively, the settlement pattern and building types of the village tell the story of how Goathland evolved by representing its earlier agricultural origins and its later popularity with the Victorian and Edwardian middle classes. However, some suburban building types and landscaping, plus the loss of some traditional windows and doors to be replaced with plastic, has diminished this architectural and historic interest. Only the North York Moors Railway station area has conserved wholly its special interest and this is largely because the buildings are listed and therefore protected from this erosion of character. Consideration should therefore be given to withdrawing permitted development rights so that owners can be encouraged through the planning process and grant assistance to replace or repair windows and doors in styles and materials that reflect the character of their buildings. It is also recommended that the Conservation Area boundary be extended to include a sample of the Whitby & Pickering Railway trackbed and the surviving cottages from the 1830s associated with it; these remains are from the early pioneering days of the railway and are therefore nationally important and merit cherishing. Those elements of the Conservation Area which are most character-defining, and therefore of the greatest significance are: • Wide grassy verges and greens interspersed with stone trods and un-made tracks and stone steps • Moorland views • Dispersed settlement pattern - grazed intakes amongst farms and villas • Evidence of a two-centred village (church and Victorian development) Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan for Goathland Conservation Area 5 6 • Sandstone as the predominant building material • Cascading pitched pantile rooflines, sometimes with water tabling and kneelers, but Welsh slate and crow stepped gables at the railway • Traditional window and door types • Agricultural references in a few buildings such as linear ranges, dovecots, slit vent windows as evidence of former agricultural use • Victorian embellishments such as bargeboarding, finials, stone gateposts and wrought iron railings • Late 19th and early 20th century revivalist styles of building including a concentration of high quality buildings designed by Brierley • Edwardian shop fronts • The riverside location of the mill • The isolated position of the Abbot’s House Farm and the village pound • The holloways • Dry stone and mortared stone walls with and without hedging Elements of less significance, but which still make a positive contribution are: • Traditional lampposts • Cast iron street signs • Mock Tudor gables • Public seating • Datestones • Sheep stoop Future management in the village will therefore wish to consider cherishing features and buildings which represent the early agricultural origins, the early railway, the Victorian and Edwardian villas and the wide untamed grassy spaces with stone trods. New development is most likely to fit in if it uses cascading red pantile pitched roofs (but not in the railway station area), makes use of stone and timber in the design (but this does not preclude the use of other modern materials depending on its location) and references either smaller portrait windows or Yorkshire sliding sashes of the earlier building stock or more ornate windows of the 19th century building stock. Flat roofs and concrete are more likely to create a negative impact on the special interest of the Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan for Goathland Conservation Area 6 7 Conservation Area. Views of the church tower should only be dominated by the moors themselves and boundary treatment will be important in helping new development fit in. The village pound and the site of the Hermitage at Abbot’s Farm should always remain separate from the village and the holloways that led from the moors to the