Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08920-4 - Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States Edited by Andrew Monson And Walter Scheidel Index More information Index Abbasid rule (Islamic), 399–400 ancient Near East Abihi, Z. b., 393 agriculture, 118–120 Achaemenid period fiscal regimes, 120–139 ancient Near East, 135–138 origins of writing, 115–117 end of, 169 Antiochus III, Seleucid king, 187–188, 192, 200 Greek city-states, 472 apographeus (Byzantine tax official), 355 Persian Empire, 176, 174–178 Aperghis, G. G., 190, 194, 200 administration. see also tax structure; treasury Arabic language Byzantine Empire, 352–356, 367 and cultural rise, 402 Classical Athens, 496 for Islamic official business, 399 Frankish kingdoms, 372–378 archaeology Japanese, 432–435, 438, 442–449 Aztec Empire, 73 Ottoman Empire, 424–425 Inka Empire, 36–37, 59 power of, 563 Ardant, G., 16 types of, 560 aristocrats. see elite aerarium (Roman finance department), Aristotle, 514–515 271–272 artisans Africa Aztec Empire, 74, 90–91 Byzantine prefecture, 352 Chinese Han Dynasty, 287–288 compared to early modern Japan, 430 early modern Japan, 451 as part of the Eastern Empire, 274–276 Egypt, 154 and presentism, 557–558 Inka Empire, 61, 60–62 tax farming in, 539–540 Mesopotamia, 124 agency theory, 172, 558, 560 Roman Empire, 272 agriculture. see also farms Ashikaga family (Japan), 434 ancient Near East, 118–120 assessment Assyrian kingdom, 130 Byzantine land, 356–357 Aztec Empire, 74, 85, 84–87 Japanese land tax, 445–449, 460 Babylonian temple lands, 132 Assyrian kingdom, 129–131 control of, 547–549 ata (Islamic payment to conquest towns), 393–395, early Imperial China, 284 398, 399 early modern Japan, 445–449, 451 Atawallpa (Inka king), 36–37 Egypt, 141, 146, 155 Augustus, Roman emperor, 172, 186, 197 Greek city-states, 474 Aurelian, Roman emperor, 263–265 Inka Empire, 57–60 autonomy Mesopotamian, 127 city-state, 472, 528–531 Roman Empire, 266–267 domain, 431–435, 441 Akkadian. see Old Babylonian period fiscal, 330–331 Alexander the Great, 169, 189 limits of, 382 allocation. see expenditures and revenue sources, 14–15 altepetl (Aztec ruler), 72 ayllu (Inkan kin group), 43, 45 572 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08920-4 - Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States Edited by Andrew Monson And Walter Scheidel Index More information Index 573 Aztec Empire Burling, R., 34 city-state taxes, 85, 90, 82–93 Byzantine Empire economic system, 73–75, 76 and late Roman world, 347–368 fiscal scholarship on, 75, 102–107 tax history, 345–347 history, 72–73 tax rates adopted, 421 imperial taxes, 76–82, 77, 81, 83 95 96 99 101 population organization, , , , , caliphate (Islamic ruler), 390–392, 397–402 93–101 97–98 82 calpixcazgo (Aztec governor), Aztec Imperial Strategies, calpixque Aztec tax collection, 78–80, 87, 89 Babylonia classification, 95, 96, 99, 101, 95–101 fiscal regime, 131–139 compensation, 105–106 Hellenistic period, 177, 188, 187–194 calpolli (Aztec tax base), 84, 84–87, 89, 98–101 texts for research, 117 camaquen (Inkan vitality), 42 urban household taxation, 133–138 capitalism Baghdad (Islamic capital), 400, 402 Byzantine Empire, 359–360 bala (Mesopotamian rotational tax), and industry, 33 124–126 capitation tax. see also census counts; direct taxa- banditry. see also corruption; plunder tion; poll taxes early modern Japan, 431, 440 Classical Athens, 507–508 state structure as, 309 Greek city-states, 475 stationary, 13, 106–107 Han Dynasty, 282, 289, 297, 298 Bang, P., 196 caput (Roman tax base), 266–267 banking. see also loans Carolingian kingdom (Western European), English, 359 371–372, 376–377, 379, 380–381 Greek, 483 Carrasco, P., 82, 86, 95, 97, 98 Greek city-states, Carrié, J. -M., 266 Barlow, R. H., 93 Castigilione, G., 309 Batalla Rosado, J., 78, 85, 105 cattle. see livestock tax Bean, R., 530 census counts. see also capitation tax Berdan, F., 75, 95 Aztec Empire, 84–88, 99, 101 Bingen, Jean, 184 early modern Japan, 445–446 Blanton, R., 15, 106, 251 Egypt, 142–143, 147 Blockmans, W., 528–529 Inka Empire, 53, 52–55 Bohannon, P., 33 Ottoman Empire, 415–417 Bonney, R., 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 103 Roman Empire, 236, 266–267 Bonney-Ormrod Model. see also domain; fiscal Chao, Cuo, 291–292 state, 158–160, 346–347, 367, 429 Charlemagne, Frankish emperor, 371, 377–378, booty. see banditry; plunder 379 Bouvet, J., 309 Charles the Great. see Charlemagne Brennan, G., 7 children Brumfiel, E., 41 in census, 100 Buchanan, J. M., 7 expenditures, 500 Buddhism (Chinese), 298 tax on, 286, 297, 502 budget China. see Imperial China Classical Athens, 499 Christianity, 375–376, 381 early modern Japan, 450–451, 452, 453, 454, chronology 456, 458, 452–459, 462 Egyptian fiscal structure, 141 Greek city-states, 480–481 Inkan rise to power, 36 Imperial China, 323, 330 cities Ottoman Empire, 406 Chinese Han Dynasty, 284, 294 Roman Empire, 244, 246, 249–252, 262 Chinese Qin Dynasty, 284 Bueno de Mesquita, B., 13 Chinese Song Period, 325–326 Burke, E., 543 early modern Japan, 436–437 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08920-4 - Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States Edited by Andrew Monson And Walter Scheidel Index More information 574 Index citizens competition. see also warfare Classical Athens, 495, 500 and elites, 20–22, 141, 174, 180 negotiating taxes, 484–485 for land, 210 Roman Empire, 258 between states, 15–20, 493 city-state for surplus, 170, 382 Aztec Empire, 73, 76, 85, 90, 82–93 compliance (tax) European, 526–531 and power, 565, 563–566 Greek, 469–487 Roman Empire, 248–249 having more accountable government, 486 compulsory services, see also labor services, 7, transformation into Roman Empire, 212–213 11, 551 Classical Athens Confucianism, 310–311, 313–321, 329 direct taxation, 507–509 conquest-state tax. see also client-states economic background, 492–494 Macedonian, 195–196 expenditures, 499, 504, 498–507 Ottoman Empire, 425–426 government, 496–497 Roman Empire, 214, 221, 223–224, 225–226, history of, 494–496 248–249 indirect tax, 509–510 Constantinople loans, 514–515 Byzantine capital, 345 monetisation, 497–498 coinage, 349 natural resource revenues, 511–512 contracts rents, 510–511 for commodities, 179 revenue totals, 186, 515–517 fiscal proposition theory, 14–15 classification rent, 17, 18, 121 calpixque, 101 share, 17, 239 Egypt tax, 140 social, 442, 539, 547 Mesopotamian resource collection, 121 between state and elite, 239–241 Neo-Babylonian kingdom, 131–132 wage, 17, 18, 105 cleruchs (soldiers given land), 183, 190 convict labor, 288–289 client-states. see also conquest-state tax Cook, N. D., 34 Aztec, 81, 80–81 corruption. see also banditry Islamic Late Antiquity, 392–393 Byzantine Empire, 359 Cobo, B., 50 early modern Japan, 432–433 Codex Mendoza (Aztec tax register), 73, 78, 76–78, Egypt, 151, 152, 185 82, 93, 96, 96–97, 104 Japan (early modern period), 445 coinage. see also currency; minting tax; Roman Empire, 198, 216–217, 223–224, monetisation 233–234, 241 Byzantine Empire, 349–352, 353, 362–363 tax, 18, 550–551 Classical Athens, 497–498, 509–510, 513–514 Cortés, Hernando, 72, 82, 91 Greek city-states, 471–472 corvée. see also labor services Islamic Late Antiquity, 393–395, 398, 399 Assyrian kingdom, 130 collective action. see also revolts Babylonia, 134 Aztec Empire, 106 Byzantine Empire, 357 and effects on state revenues, 14–15 Egypt, 145 commerce. see merchants; trade tax military, 91 comparative fiscal regimes Cosgel, M. M., 17 Aztec Empire, 102–107 cost of measurement. see transaction costs imperial states, 547–552 court. see also rulers; tax structure interpretation of, 569 Byzantine Empire, 364 overview of, 5–23 Han Dynasty, 292–294, 296–298 tribute states, 539–547 credit. see also debt; loans compensation. see also wage contracts Byzantine Empire, 359 calpixque, 101, 105–106 Classical Athens, 515 European military, 525 in Europe, 524–527, 527, 530–531 Roman military, 243 Greek city-states, 472 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08920-4 - Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States Edited by Andrew Monson And Walter Scheidel Index More information Index 575 crisis. see fiscal crisis Diocletian, Roman emperor, culture 265–270 ancient Near Eastern, 115, 120–139 direct taxation. see also capitation tax Aztec, 72 Classical Athens, 507–509 Greek, 494, 517 Greek city-states, 474–477 Islamic Late Antiquity, 402 discretionary spending, 246–247 currency. see also coinage; monetisation domain. see also Bonney-Ormrod Model Chinese tax for maintaining, 315 documentation for, 449–451 early modern Japan, 451, 455 Japanese budget deficits, 452, 453, 454, 456, Egypt, 265 458, 452–459 Islamic Late Antiquity, 398 Japanese fiscal regimes, 440–442, 460–462 Ottoman Empire, 408 Japanese land taxation, 442–449 Cuzco (Inkan Empire site), 36–37, 62 drachma (Greek coin), 497–498 Duncan-Jones, R., 200 Durán, F. D., 90, 92, 98, 100 daimyo (Japanese elite) 146 expenditures, 450–451 Duties of the Visier, fiscal control, 440–442, 460 fiscal regime, 435–436 Earle, T., 39 in hegemonic state, 438–439 early Imperial China power shift to, 430–431 background of, 282–283 urbanization under, 436 Han Dynasty, 284–298, 314 Dalton, G., 33 Ming Period, 285, 295, 327 Darius I, Persian king, 134, 138, 175 Qing/Qin Period, 284–298, 313 Dark Age (Greek), see also state collapse, 469, Sui/Tang Dynasties, 300–304, 314 494–495 Warring States period, 284, 294, 313 date palm gardening, 118 early state.