Reminders: Period 4 Key Concepts: • DUE: T 1/24 = Unit 3 Timeline Pick an APWH Region • C 21 Q/V/A due W 1/25 Find ONE Change Find ONE Continuity • AP TEST REGISTRATION = 2/1-2/13 ONLY 15th Century MOVIE NOTES?? Unit 3: SAQs……. Roots VS Routes? Byzantine Empire/Western Europe Islam MUST know correct location of the historical developments that you are discussing! 1. a) Identify and explain one economic impact Islamic traders had on sub-Saharan Africa. b) Identify and explain one cultural influence Islamic traders had on sub-Saharan Africa. c) Identify and explain one example of where local sub-Saharan cultures resisted assimilation with Islam. a) Specific examples! : salt, gold, slaves, horses, spices, domestication of camels, camel saddles cultural diffusion of Islam (Mansa Musa was NOT an Islamic trader) : THEN explain how the above specifically influenced the economy of sub-Saharan Africa b) Specific examples!: cultural diffusion of Islam = Five Pillars of Faith practiced, use of the Quran, 5 prayers a day, inspired to go on the hajj Conversion of merchants to Islam THEN WHY? Did Islamic traders influence culture in that way? c) Resistance to Islam: Axum, not wearing the veil, Bantu (WHY is that an example of resistance to Islam?) 2. a) Identify and explain one reason for the change in Byzantine territory between 565 CE and 1025 CE b) Identify an explain one way that geography/interaction with the environment influenced the economic development of the Byzantine Empire c) Identify and explain one way that geography/interaction with the environment influenced the economic development of Western Europe between 600-1450 CE. a) Specific examples! : invasions of the Lombards, Magyars, Turks, Ottomans Vikings, increasing strength of Umayaad and Abbasid Empires OR death of Justinian THEN: how these external threats were difficult to defend/ could also talk about how these led to disintegration of theme system/ OR lack of strong leadership after the death of Justinian b) Specific examples!: Constantinople, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Silk Roads THEN: How proximity to these things influenced ECONOMIC development c) Specific examples!: WESTERN EUROPE: iron plow, horse shoe, manure, growing beans, creating fish ponds, forming trading companies, Hanseatic League, fish/fur/lumber THEN: how the above contributed to ECONOIMC development What do you already know about the pre Aztec and Inca Americas? C 20: Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania 8-12 million people Pueblo (Anasazi) 100 BCE -1300 CE Navajo and Apache ~ 1500 CE (H&G) • 80% Diet = maize • (also beans and squash) • Utilized intensive farming techniques • By 700 CE, developed permanent stone or adobe dwellings • 125 sites discovered • Complex societies People and Societies of North America Anasazi 13th C Mesa Verde: 200 rooms 1,000 inhabitants Great Kiva of Pueblo Bonita Canyon de Chelly 1978-1985 Cahokia Mounds, Illinois (650–1400 CE): 2200 acres Mississippian Culture 100 ft high/ 1,000 ft long/ 650 ft wide largest man made structure in No written records North America (~ 20,000 people) Great Serpent Mound, Ohio Dickson Mounds, Illinois 1,348 feet long Matrilineal :women held property and hereditary leadership passed through their lines. They held dwellings, horses and farmed land, and a woman's property before marriage stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband. The Potlatch: The status of any given family is raised not by who has the most resources, but by who distributes the most resources. The hosts demonstrate their wealth and prominence through giving away goods. Unit 3 Timelines due TODAY C 21 Q/V/A Due tomorrow Quiz tomorrow: C 21 (15 points) + MC Doc practice (10 points) Tenochtitlan = 200,000 people/ 5 square miles Aztec Empire = 12 million people (Nahuatl) “And some of our soldiers asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream”….. Bernal Diaz del Castillo Defeat of Tlatelolco by Tenochtitlan Main Goal = impose their rule over 12 million and exact tribute Aztec (Mexica) Empire Tenochtitlan = 200,000 people Rulers: Itzcoatl (1428- 1440 CE) Montezuma I (1440- 1469 CE) Montezuma II (1502- 1520 CE) Political Organization: Expansionist Policy? Principle Conquests of the Aztec Empire? Nature of Administration? Standing Armies? Stature of Soldiers? Bureaucracy? CULTURE First page of the Codex Mendoza In 1323, the Mexicas were shown a vision of an eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus, clutching a snake in its talons. This vision indicated that this was the location where they were to build their home. Ritual calendar 260 days Solar calendar 365 days Codex? Bernal Diaz, Bartholomieu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa?? Montezuma II High status: Emperor Priests nobility Quetzalcoatl: promise fertility deities to return…(Toltec) Arts, crafts, agriculture War/sacrif ice deities Success in war fueled more sacrifice Huitzilopochtli: Patron god of war Creator deities Tezcatlipoca: Giver and taker of life Created war to provide food Xipe Totec and drink for the gods Tezcatlipoca: Giver and taker of life Created war to provide food and drink for the gods Economic Chinampas? Calpullis? Role of women? Slaves were mostly NOT foreigners Economic Pochtecas Artists, merchants Were given high status Annual tribute of 489 subject territories Tochtepec = 9600 cloaks, 1600 women’s garments, 200 loads of cacao, 16,000 rubberballs Economic Tribute supported the ruler and nobles, as well as religious and public institutions. Only nobles and slaves were exempt from tribute. Spaniards admired the efficiency of the tribute system. A tribute roll from the Codex Mendoza (right). On the left are name-glyphs for seven towns, whose annual tribute to the Aztec ruler included over 4,000 mantles and loincloths, 800 bales of dried chilis, 20 bags of down feathers, two war-dresses and shields, three strings of precious stones, and two plates inlaid with turquoise. Telpochcalli: taught history, crafts, military skills and trade Political Organization: Political Organization: Emperor and nobility eventually took over responsibilities of the calpulli NO FORMAL BUREAUCRACY The military infused every aspect of Aztec life Political control through tribute, conquest and fear Florentine Codex: Bernardino de Sahagun Aztec people: Chosen to serve the gods Tzompantli Political/ Religious Florentine Codex: 16th C Aztec feast What aspects of Aztec society made them vulnerable to attack when the Spanish arrived in 1519? FOR Contextualization: Think horizontal (for related / connected events and developments around the same time period). FOR Synthesis: Think vertical (for past and later events / developments that could reasonably be connected thematically). Contextualization: Situate historical events, developments or processes within broader regional, national or global context in which they occurred in order to draw conclusions about their relative significance. Synthesis: Extends the argument by: * explaining the connections between the argument and a development in a different historical period/era, event, situation or geographical area OR * explaining the connections between the argument and a course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic, social, cultural or intellectual history) OR * explaining the connections between the argument and a different discipline or field of inquiry (such as economics, government and politics, art history, or anthropology). Page from Codex Mendoza, an illustrated guide to Mexica (Aztec) history and society commissioned by Spanish authorities about twenty years after the conquest of Mexico and written and illustrated by Mexica artists. The page shows goods that neighboring cities had to deliver to Tenochtitlan, the Mexica capital. The goods include gems, feathers, jaguar pelts, and cacao. A description in Spanish details what each city had to deliver. Answer parts A. and B. A.Identify and explain TWO historical claims about the Aztec state that can be supported based on the image. B.Identify ONE limitation of the image as a source of information about the Aztec state. A good response would identify and explain two characteristics of the Aztec state that can be specifically evidenced from the Codex Mendoza. The tributary and imperial characteristic of the Aztec state is evidenced in the goods that other cities had to deliver to Tenochtitlan. The rare and valuable goods that were provided (e.g., the stringed gems and jaguar pelts) also demonstrate the social hierarchy and stratification that was another characteristic of the Aztec state. In their response, students must specifically support their claims using evidence from the Codex Mendoza. ______________________________________________________________ A good response must also address one limitation of the document as a source of information about the Aztec state. An example of such a limitation is in the Spanish patronage of the creation of the Codex Mendoza. To what extent is the material in the Codex Mendoza informed by Spanish desire to appropriate tribute as a consequence of conquest? In addition, students might note that the Codex Mendoza was created about two decades after the Spanish Conquest, leading them to question the extent to which Mexica artists were imagining, as opposed to remembering, the Aztec state. Uxmal: (800-900 CE) Chichen Itza: 750 -1400 CE Largest ball court in the Americas: 554 feet long by 231 feet wide Temple of Kukulcan (El Castillo): 30 meters tall 365 steps Spring and Fall Equinox: when the sun is directly