Organic Farming in Hawaii Organic Farming in Hawaii Jon Biloon Pyramid Family Farm Visit us at www.supernaturalagriculture.net 1 Organic Farming in Hawaii A Pyramid Family Farm Production Publication date:2/14 Revision:1 Visit us at www.supernaturalagriculture.net 2 Organic Farming in Hawaii Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................................6 Part 1..........................................................................................................................................................7 Fragile soils...........................................................................................................................................7 Sustainable farming – Why Organic?..................................................................................................10 Part 2........................................................................................................................................................12 Methods for increasing soil fertility....................................................................................................12 Testing the soil – ............................................................................................................................13 Sample Preparation for Soil Testing-..............................................................................................13 Amending the soil-.........................................................................................................................13 Making Compost in the tropics...........................................................................................................15 Layered hot (Bio-Dynamic) compost.............................................................................................15 Cover crops, ground covers, green manure and mulching:...........................................................15 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................16 Learning from history:....................................................................................................................16 Part 3........................................................................................................................................................18 Least Toxic Pest Management for the Tropics .............................................................................................................................................................18 Summary ............................................................................................................................................19 Agricultural problems in the tropics:...................................................................................................20 Weeds..............................................................................................................................................20 Insect Pests......................................................................................................................................20 Above ground insect pests.............................................................................................................20 Below ground insect pests:.............................................................................................................21 Microbial Pests...............................................................................................................................21 Other Problems...............................................................................................................................21 Toxic herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.....................................................................................22 Solutions: ............................................................................................................................................23 Weeds..............................................................................................................................................23 Pesticides – counting the costs............................................................................................................24 Insect controls: Integrated Pest Management.................................................................................25 Microbial controls:..........................................................................................................................27 3 Organic Farming in Hawaii Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................29 4 Organic Farming in Hawaii Illustration Index Starting macadamia nut husk & shell compost.......................................................................................15 Finished macadamia compost.................................................................................................................15 Companion planting of pineapple & papaya...........................................................................................27 Companion planting in raised beds.........................................................................................................27 Fencing around garden bed to keep out animals.....................................................................................28 5 Organic Farming in Hawaii Introduction When Captain Cook first “discovered” the Hawaiian Islands, he found, by most estimates, close to 1,000,000 healthy, well-fed people, who lived in harmony with their environment. The indigenous population cultivated their fields and forests in a sustainable manner, and managed there near shore environment for hundreds of years supplying all their food, fuel, fiber and medicines, with no outside inputs. Within just a few years of Captain Cook’s historic contact, 90% of Hawaii’s population was decimated by disease…over 10,000 more Hawaiians died, when Kamehameha (with British help) subsequently” unified” the island chain into a kingdom. As the Hawaiians had no written language, much of the oral traditions that had been passed from generation to generation, were pretty much wiped out, as the Kapu were broken. The real secrets of how the Hawaiians had developed their amazing lifestyle (i.e. fish ponds, agriculture) were literally lost forever, as most of the people of Hawaii became dependent on their colonizers for their very survival. We now know, that Hawaiians did extensive mulching with leaves (kukui) stomping them into taro patches, for example. It wasn’t long before the tropical rainforests were cut down, the land overrun by cattle and eventually planted out in huge plantations of sugar and pineapple. The farming practices were exploitive to the extreme, delivering huge profits into the pockets of the new landowners, who chose to exploit our fragile tropical soils with high inputs of soluble fertilizers and toxic chemicals. Though Hawaii has seen a number of different crops like Papaya, Banana, Coffee, Macadamia nuts, flowers and herbs, etc., conventional agriculture has continued this exploitation. With the demise of the large sugar and pineapple plantations much of Hawaii’s polluted land lays fallow, land banked by its ”owners” waiting for a future development windfall. It is unfortunate that Hawaii is not at this time able to produce enough clean nutrient dense food to feed its own population, depending on imported foodstuffs from around the world. In response, successful sustainable farmers have come to recognize that the health of their communities is directly linked to the health of the soil. By having healthy soil we can grow healthy crops more easily and a healthy crop means greater economic returns to our farmers and of course a healthier population. Sustainable soil improving practices include cover crops, crop rotations, composting, mulching, living mulches and natural- source fertilizers. 6 Organic Farming in Hawaii Part 1 Fragile soils 7 Organic Farming in Hawaii The varied, young soils of Hawaii are typical of the humid tropical and equatorial zones where chemical and mechanical decomposition of the parent rock (The rock from which the parent materials of soils are formed) is complete. Silica has leeched from the soil because of moisture and heat conditions and humus is deficient because of the rapidity of bacterial action in the prevailing warm temperatures. Losses of silicate clay minerals also result in damage to soil structure, making soils remarkably porous. The ancient Hawaiians were able to maintain their fields over time with sophisticated mulching techniques and fertility practices, without the use of animal products (manures). In fact, many of these “primitive” practices inspired the modern organic movement. Although soils in the Pacific Region can create luxuriant growth of broadleaf evergreen rainforest, once exposed by clearing the forest, the soils quickly lose their fertility because excessive leeching removes plant nutrients found, in all but a thin surface layer. In times of drought these exposed soils can be further degraded, becoming extremely hard and better used as building material (bricks) than for growing crops. Soils of Hawaii are young and weathered, and because there is little natural renewal of natural minerals, the problem of low soil fertility in