The Center on Philanthropy & Public Policy Sol Price Center for Social Innovation Place-Based Initiatives in the Context of Public Policy and Markets: Moving to Higher Ground Sol Price School of Public Policy Place-Based Initiatives in the Context of Public Policy and Markets: Moving to Higher Ground Elwood M. Hopkins James M. Ferris Editors The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy Sol Price Center for Social Innovation Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California March 2015 About the Centers The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy promotes more effective philanthropy and strengthens the nonprofit sector through research that informs philanthropic decision making and public policy to advance community problem solving. Using California and the West as a laboratory, The Center conducts research on philanthropy, volunteerism, and the role of the nonprofit sector in America’s communities. The USC Sol Price Center for Social Innovation promotes the exploration and understanding of how to create sustainable, holistic vitality in low- income, urban communities. The Center develops initiatives, leaders, and scholars to advance novel solutions with a particular eye toward creating large-scale change efforts in places and populations. The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy Sol Price Center for Social Innovation Sol Price School of Public Policy Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California University of Southern California Phone: (213) 740-9492 Phone: (213) 740-8582 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: cppp.usc.edu Website: socialinnovation.usc.edu Copyright © 2015 by The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy. All rights reserved. The opinions presented in this monograph represent those of the authors and not those of The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy nor the Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Designed by Hershey Cause Communications. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 James M. Ferris Why Now? 1 Our Inquiry 2 The Plan of the Monograph 2 The Outcomes of the Inquiry 4 Chapter 2: The Significance of Place-Based Initiatives 5 Henry Cisneros Chapter 3: The State of Place-Based Initiatives 9 Elwood Hopkins Asking Hard Questions 9 The Evolution of Place-Based Initiatives 10 The Current State of the Field 12 A Dual Framework 12 Beyond Either/Or: An Integrated Framework 21 The Ascendance of the Market 26 The Post-Initiative World: Beyond Isolated Efforts 29 Chapter 4: Response Essays 31 Role of the Market The Potential of Large-Scale Urban Place-Making to Yield Economic Opportunities for Low-Income Residents 33 Thomas Burns Reconsidering the Relevance of the Inner City for Place-Based Economic Growth 37 Kimberly Zeuli Matching Place-Based Strategies to the Scale of the Market 41 Alan Berube and Amy Liu Rich Ghettos/Poor Ghettos 45 Peter Dreier Resident Participation The Post-Initiative World 47 Jennifer S. Vanica From Local Change to Systems Change: Linking the Narratives 51 Anthony Iton The Importance of Resident Engagement in Place-Based Initiatives 55 Denise McGregor Armbrister Scale of Intervention The Case for Addressing Poverty One Place at a Time 57 Greg Giornelli Place-Based Philanthropy in Rural Settings: Increasing the Potential for Whole Community Change 59 Doug Easterling and Allen Smart Tackling the Causes of Neighborhood Distress Through Place-Conscious Strategy 63 Margery Turner From Pilot to Policy: Bringing Place-Based Initiatives to Scale 67 Judith Bell New Tools, New Approaches New Tools for a New Time 71 Kerry Sullivan Complexity, Comprehensiveness, and Collaborative Capacity: A Recipe for Impact? 73 Salin Geevarghese Perfecting the One-Two Punch: Some Hard-Learned Lessons for Place-Based Work 75 Ralph Smith Chapter 5: Place: The Final Frontier 77 Dr. Robert K. Ross Context 77 Early Lessons 78 New Directions 79 Chapter 6: Moving Forward: Addressing Spatially-Concentrated Poverty in the 21st Century 83 James M. Ferris and Elwood Hopkins Seven Insights 83 A New Landscape 85 A Final Thought 86 Appendix A: Discussion Groups 87 Appendix B: Prioritizing Place Forum Program 97 Appendix C: Glossary of Place-Based Initiatives 101 Inquiry Sponsors Chapter 1: Introduction James M. Ferris University of Southern California This monograph represents the culmination of a year long inquiry into the state of place-based initiatives. It draws upon the contributions of a cross-section of the foremost thought leaders in this field, many of whom have spent their entire careers working on major philanthropic initiatives or government efforts aimed at addressing geographically-concentrated poverty. In participating in this inquiry, they freely shared lifetimes of experience and insight with great generosity, candor, and intellect. This inquiry has been a partnership between The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy and the Sol Price Center for Social Innovation at the University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy. Place-based initiatives are an area of interest to both. The Center on Philanthropy and Public Policy is focused on philanthropic strategies for public problem solving, and the Price Center is concerned with the development of ideas and practices to enhance the quality of life in low-income communities. Indeed, these two foci are at the heart of Sol Price’s philanthropic efforts in his hometown of San Diego – the revitalization of its City Heights neighborhood. As a result of this interplay of interests, the two Centers are well-positioned to undertake this inquiry. We can take on sustained inquiries – this one has unfolded over the course of a year – instead of having one-off conversations. We knew that this is what would be required for so complex and layered a subject. Our approach has enabled us to engage the leading thinkers and doers in the field from across the country to more deeply examine the current state of place-based strategies and the key challenges in advancing this work. Why Now? Although place-based initiatives have been used as a tool by foundations and governments for decades, there appears to be a new surge in interest in them and a corresponding flow of resources to them. They are being used to address more societal problems by more foundations, nonprofits, government agencies, and corporations than before. Further, a new generation of thought leadership is emerging as experienced practitioners and policymakers distill the insights from decades of learning, and new leaders simultaneously introduce their own fresh perspectives. And finally, leaders in both philanthropy and government who are doing or contemplating place-based initiatives are actively seeking answers to the challenges of this type of work and were foremost in our thinking about this examination. As we launched this inquiry we discovered a number of other investigations, inquiries, and conferences that have been recently focusing on place-based strategies. We consider these parallel efforts as a plus as it signals that we are onto something timely and relevant. They also give us an opportunity to better connect our own work with others in the field. In this way, we can draw upon and inform these other discussions and help elevate the discourse across the landscape of place-based work. These other efforts include: Grantmakers for Effective Organizations (GEO) and their recent exploration, “Place-Based Evaluation: A Community of Practice;” The Urban Institute’s analytical review of the history of place-based initiative and its prospects for the future; The Aspen Institute’s Forum for Community Solutions and Neighborhood Funders Group convening, “Towards a Better Place,” which sought to spark conversation about promising practice in place-based philanthropy; and a group of funders that convened around the theme of “Collective Impact” for place-based initiatives, hosted by the Aspen Forum for Community Solutions and FSG. Our Inquiry As we designed this inquiry, we have been intentional about including a range of expert voices. There are four key components that enable us to achieve this. • National Advisory Board. We began by forming a high-level national advisory committee of leaders from the philanthropic and public sectors with deep knowledge of place-based initiatives. They helped to design the intellectual agenda for the inquiry, shape the process, and the participants with whom we engaged. A list of the National Advisory Board can be found below. • Discussion Groups. We convened five thematic discussion groups, each addressing a key aspect of place-based initiatives. They were held in Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, D.C. from April to June, 2014. Each four-hour conversation included between 8-12 leaders and was fully documented, including graphical recordings. The questions discussed at each session and the participants can be found in Appendix A. • Monograph. The preparation of this monograph, which is comprised of an important statement about the significance and context of place-based strategy by the Honorable Henry Cisneros; a major chapter that synthesizes the discussions; and a number of response essays from those that participated. The response essays allow discussion group participants to underscore points they consider particularly important, to provide an illustrative example from their own work, or to introduce a contrary opinion where their views diverge from the group. Dr. Robert Ross then describes The California Endowment “place-based plus” strategy, offering some