How to Create the Quaternion & Octonion Algebras

How to Create the Quaternion & Octonion Algebras

How To Create The Quaternion & Octonion Algebras Synopsis • We show how to create the quaternion and octonion algebras with the DifferentialGeometry software. For each algebra, there is a split-form also available. Examples Load in the required packages. > with(DifferentialGeometry): with(LieAlgebras): Example 1. We construct the quaternion algebra using the AlgebraLibraryData command. We specify the name of the algebra we wish to retrieve ("Quaternion") and then the name ("H") by which the algebra will be referred to in subsequent calculations. > AD1 := AlgebraLibraryData("Quaternions", H); AD1 d e12 = e1, e1 , e2 = e2, e1 , e3 = e3, e1 , e4 = e4, e2 , e1 = e2, e22 = Ke1, e2 , e3 = e4, (1) e2 , e4 = Ke3, e3 , e1 = e3, e3 , e2 = Ke4, e32 = Ke1, e3 , e4 = e2, e4 , e1 = e4, e4 , e2 = e3, e4 , e3 = Ke2, e42 = Ke1 We use DGsetup to initialize this algebra, that is, to store the above structure equations in memory. The labels for the vectors and dual 1-forms can be specified upon initialization. We will use the standard e, i, j, k for the quaternion basis vectors, and a, b, d, e for the corresponding dual 1-forms. > DGsetup(AD1,['e','i','j','k'],['alpha']); algebra name: H (2) The multiplication table for the quaternions is H > MultiplicationTable(); (3) | e i j k ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- e | e i j k (3) i | i Ke k Kj j | j Kk Ke i k | k j Ki Ke We can calculate products of quaternions, inverses and conjugates. We can use either the non-commutative multiplication operator "." and evalDG or &algmult. H > X := evalDG(e + 2*i + 3*j); X d e C 2 i C 3 j (4) H > Y := evalDG(e + 2*i + 3*j); Y d e C 2 i C 3 j (5) H > evalDG(X.Y); K12 e C 4 i C 6 j (6) H > X &algmult Y; K12 e C 4 i C 6 j (7) H > U := AlgebraInverse(X); 1 1 3 U d e K i K j (8) 14 7 14 H > evalDG(X.U); e (9) H > V := DGconjugate(X); V d e K 2 i K 3 j (10) If X and Y are quaternions, then the real part of the product X.Y defines a positive-definite inner product on the real vector space of quaternions. H > X := evalDG(a0*e + a1*i + a2*j + a3*k); X d a0 e C a1 i C a2 j C a3 k (11) H > Y := evalDG(b0*e + b1*i + b2*j + b3*k); Y d b0 e C b1 i C b2 j C b3 k (12) H > DGRe(X &algmult DGconjugate(Y)); a0 b0 C a1 b1 C a2 b2 C a3 b3 e (13) H > DGRe(X &algmult DGconjugate(Y)); a0 b0 C a1 b1 C a2 b2 C a3 b3 e (14) Example 2. In the same manner, we can construct the octonion algebra. See AlgebraLibraryData for details. > AD2 := AlgebraLibraryData("Octonions", Oct); (15) (3) AD2 d e12 = e1, e1 , e2 = e2, e1 , e3 = e3, e1 , e4 = e4, e1 , e5 = e5, e1 , e6 = e6, e1 , e7 (15) = e7, e1 , e8 = e8, e2 , e1 = e2, e22 = Ke1, e2 , e3 = e4, e2 , e4 = Ke3, e2 , e5 = e6, e2 , e6 = Ke5, e2 , e7 = Ke8, e2 , e8 = e7, e3 , e1 = e3, e3 , e2 = Ke4, e32 = Ke1, e3 , e4 = e2, e3 , e5 = e7, e3 , e6 = e8, e3 , e7 = Ke5, e3 , e8 = Ke6, e4 , e1 = e4, e4 , e2 = e3, e4 , e3 = Ke2, e42 = Ke1, e4 , e5 = e8, e4 , e6 = Ke7, e4 , e7 = e6, e4 , e8 = Ke5, e5 , e1 = e5, e5 , e2 = Ke6, e5 , e3 = Ke7, e5 , e4 = Ke8, e52 = Ke1, e5 , e6 = e2, e5 , e7 = e3, e5 , e8 = e4, e6 , e1 = e6, e6 , e2 = e5, e6 , e3 = Ke8, e6 , e4 = e7, e6 , e5 = Ke2, e62 = Ke1, e6 , e7 = Ke4, e6 , e8 = e3, e7 , e1 = e7, e7 , e2 = e8, e7 , e3 = e5, e7 , e4 = Ke6, e7 , e5 = Ke3, e7 , e6 = e4, e72 = Ke1, e7 , e8 = Ke2, e8 , e1 = e8, e8 , e2 = Ke7, e8 , e3 = e6, e8 , e4 = e5, e8 , e5 = Ke4, e8 , e6 = Ke3, e8 , e7 = e2, e82 = Ke1 > DGsetup(AD2,'[e0, e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7]', [omega]); algebra name: Oct (16) Oct > MultiplicationTable(); | e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- e0 | e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e1 | e1 Ke0 e3 Ke2 e5 Ke4 Ke7 e6 e2 | e2 Ke3 Ke0 e1 e6 e7 Ke4 Ke5 (17) e3 | e3 e2 Ke1 Ke0 e7 Ke6 e5 Ke4 e4 | e4 Ke5 Ke6 Ke7 Ke0 e1 e2 e3 e5 | e5 e4 Ke7 e6 Ke1 Ke0 Ke3 e2 e6 | e6 e7 e4 Ke5 Ke2 e3 Ke0 Ke1 e7 | e7 Ke6 e5 e4 Ke3 Ke2 e1 Ke0 The octonions are non-associative. Oct > (e4 &algmult e5) &algmult e6; Ke7 (18) Oct > e4 &algmult (e5 &algmult e6); e7 (19) Commands Illustrated • evalDG, DGsetup, AlgebraInverse, AlgebraLibraryData, DGconjugate, MultiplicationTable Related Commands • AlgebraData, LieAlgebraData, SimpleLieAlgebraData References (3) (15) • W. Fulton, J. Harris, Representation Theory - A First Course • P. Nurowski, Split Octonions and Maxwell Equations • J. Baez, The Octonions • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-quaternion • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-octonion Release Notes • The illustrated commands are available in Maple 17 and subsequent releases. Authors Ian M. Anderson and Thomas J Apedaile Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University February 4, 2013.

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