Content 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2 A discourse on creativity ................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 What is creativity? ................................................................................................................... 7 3 An analysis on the Creative Class of Richard Florida’s definition .................................................. 10 3.1 Who is being creative and where? ........................................................................................ 13 4 An analysis on the “Creative City” of Charles Landry’s definition ................................................. 20 4.1 What makes a city creative? ................................................................................................. 25 5 The sustainable city ....................................................................................................................... 32 5.1 Limits and difficulties of urban sustainability ........................................................................ 36 6 How to come to terms with Creative Class and Creative Cities .................................................... 39 7 A case study on Lisbon .................................................................................................................. 42 7.1 Lisbon and its street art ......................................................................................................... 51 7.1.1 Street art and Portuguese graffiti writers ..................................................................... 53 7.1.2 A fine line between street art and urban art ................................................................ 59 7.1.3 A social graffiti art project in Lisbon called Lata65 ........................................................ 63 7.2 Lisbon galleries and museums............................................................................................... 66 7.2.1 Underdogs- the street art gallery .................................................................................. 68 7.2.2 GivLOWE- a different gallery ......................................................................................... 69 7.2.3 Carpe Diem Arte e Pesquisa- gallery and cultural research center ............................... 70 7.2.4 Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation .................................................................................. 70 7.2.5 Electricity Museum ........................................................................................................ 72 7.3 Start-ups in Lisbon ................................................................................................................. 73 7.3.1 Nata Lisboa- The world needs Nata- A recipe for success? ........................................... 79 7.3.2 Talkdesk ......................................................................................................................... 81 7.3.3 Uniplace ......................................................................................................................... 82 7.3.4 FABlab Lisboa................................................................................................................. 83 7.4 LX-Factory- an example for investing in an former industrial neighborhood ....................... 85 7.4.1 A new work and art space called “Village Underground Lisboa” .................................. 86 7.5 Parque das Nações- EXPO Lisboa .......................................................................................... 89 7.5.1 Attractions to visit ......................................................................................................... 93 7.5.2 “Vasco da Gama Tower” or better known as the “Sana Vasco da Gama Royal Hotel” 94 0 7.5.3 Oceanarium ................................................................................................................... 94 7.5.4 Torres São Rafael and São Gabriel ................................................................................ 95 7.5.5 MEO Arena (formerly Pavilhão Atlântico)..................................................................... 95 7.5.6 Vasco da Gama Bridge ................................................................................................... 96 7.5.7 Lisbon Orient Station ..................................................................................................... 97 7.5.8 Telecabine in Parque das Nações .................................................................................. 97 7.5.9 Parque das Nações- a review ........................................................................................ 98 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 103 9 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 106 10 Internet research ..................................................................................................................... 113 11 Attachments ............................................................................................................................ 115 1 1 Introduction The city is progressively more conceptualized, by using terms such as “Creative City” by Charles Landry (2000, 2008) and “Creative Class” Richard Florida (2002, 2005, and 2014). These two are decisively responsible of making the concepts famous in the field of urban studies. Therefore, it is important to integrate their views of culture and the arts in the urban context, by accentuating the role of creative industries, cultural infrastructure as well as „Cre- ative Class” in a discussion about the key resources of a city. Urbanist Charles Landry used his concept as a form of strategic planning. He explains techniques, stages, and preconditions for its implementation, in order to see the city as a creative center for living and working. Richard Florida has gained with his concept of the “Creative Class „a large influence on ur- ban planners and city officials in the past decade. In his concept, creativity breeds economic value, whereas Laundry`s model concentrates on the effect and consequences, which accom- panied with the creativity and its ideal conditions towards the principle. They are using both the term “creativity”, which is codependent on the universal characteristics of the 21 St century society. It can be understood as the formation of something novel and suitable, from a person, a group or a society. Nevertheless, these distinctions can differentiate through cultural genres and different contexts as well. Because of the wide deliberately of various interpretations of creative acts, I will define the term in the first chapter with different viewpoints and through various interpretation by diverse authors. Further, I am also going to explain the concept of sustainability and advantages and disadvantages of the concept in the urban context. Moreo- ver, this thesis draws its attention on research with artist and graffiti writers in Lisbon, inves- tigating the impact of their work on the city, including visual ethnographies of legal graffiti walls. In addition to street art is also the art and its representation in the more traditional form in galleries and museums discussed. The different examples in this chapter show the huge diversity, which can be discovered and experienced in the art sector in Lisbon. Another key element in this thesis are the many start up examples, which cover two of the tree “T`s” of Richard Florida’s concept. At the same time is the whole start up scene of Lisbon in focus, which is today more important than it was ever before. Project realizations such as Fab Lab, which works closely together with Camera Municipal Lisboa, is just one example of a success story in Lisbon. Besides the specific examples are also the different incubators examined. 1 Also are neighborhoods of Lisbon, such as Alc ântara or the former Expo site in focus, which were totally transformed and are now attractions for locals and tourists. Most of the research was conducted with theoretical literature or online through regular browsing of various online platforms such as blogs or websites. But also by attending various events for startups or by visiting all the different locations I mentioned in this thesis, I was able to come to the conclu- sion if Lisbon can be considered to be a Creative City or not. Another key factor is social me- dia, because many events are just advertised through facebook and it also the only way to sign in for some events, especially for the start up competition. The reason, why I have chosen Lisbon as my case study city is because I used to live and study there, which made me explore the city in reality and not just as a concept inform of theoretical example. I could accomplish my research first hand and therefore this work is not just to be seen as an academic paper but also as a personal investigation. 2 2 A discourse on creativity “Creativity seemed like a process of discovering and then enabling potential to unfold.” (Landry, 2002:12) Research about creativity falls into various categories, which use different tools to analyze it. The term creativity is often connected with synonyms like innovative, artistic, in- spired or imaginative,