A HISTORY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, FROM ITS SETTLEMENT TO THE CLOSE OF THE YEAR 1844. BY THOMAS HENRY BRAIM, ESQ. OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; FORMERLY HEAD MASTER OF THE EPISCOPALIAN GRAMMAR SCHOOL, HOBART TOWN, VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, AND NOW PRINCIPAL OF SYDNEY COLLEGE, NEW SOUTH WALES. As in a cradled Hercules, we trace The lines of Empire in thine infant face. CAMPBELL. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, Publisher in erbinarp to 'der Alltaiestti. MDCCCXLVI. LONDON: Printed by Schulze and Co., 13, Poland Street. PREFACE. THE nature and object of the Work now issued to the world are sufficiently explained in the opening Chapter. The toils of an Author in Australia are not of that pleasing character, which suggested to the poet the expression " Labor ipse voluptas." While his fellow-citizens, the Great Republic of Letters at home, trim their lamps at leisure, and relax their bows, when Apollo ceases to be propitious, the Author in this hard-working country is compelled to pursue his task under the pressure of daily avocations ; his lamp often expires while his labours are incomplete, and his bow is broken from too great severity of tension. I have not been exempted from the general sentence. My professional calls are neither few, nor light ; and such is the best apology I have to offer for imperfections, which the critical reader will not fail to detect. Let this candid confession bespeak his indulgence. vi PREFACE. It is my pleasing duty to acknowledge the assistance and sympathy, which I have received in the execution of my undertaking. To the Hon. Edward Deas Thomson, Colonial Secretary, and the Gentlemen connected with Public Depart- ments, I am under the greatest obligations for the readiness with which they have supplied me with documentary information, so necessary to the elucidation of the important questions in which the Colonists are at present interested, and which are discussed in this Work. With regard to " the Climatology and Diseases of Australia," I am greatly indebted to Charles Nicholson, Esq., M.D. .M.L.C.; a gentleman to whom the Australian Public are under many and lasting obligations. I have also to acknowledge the assistance, I have received from George Arden, Esq., and Mr. Slatterie, as well as from J. B. Laughton, Esq. B.A. all of whom aided me greatly in the preparation of the historical parts of the Work. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1845. THE HISTORY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERY AND EARLY HISTORY. ---------- SECTION I. GOVERNMENT OF CAPTAIN PHILLIP. WHILE the commercial nations of Europe were pushing discoveries, and making territorial acqui- sitions in the Eastern and Western hemispheres— the Old and the New World ; while England had been colonizing the lands of America, and con- quering the kingdoms of India, the wide tracts of the South Pacific and South Indian Oceans embosomed in unknown solitude a number of vast and populous islands, which, since their discovery, VOL. I. B 2 POLYNESIAN ISLANDS. have been named and classed as a fifth grand division of the globe under the title of Polynesia. The most prominent in geographical impor- tance of the Polynesian islands are Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea ; but while the latter with its group of sister islands, forming a connect- ing link between Asia and Australia, has been hardly explored, the former with their dependencies have become British colonies, second only in wealth and value to the Canadas, and the West Indian Islands. The chief, as it is the oldest colony planted by Great Britain on the continental island of Australia, is New South Wales ; and it is the history and general description of this settlement that we now propose to compile for the information of the English reader, and for the perusal of our native youth. After a course of fifty years, as a penal colony, New South Wales is now ranked in the list of the free dependencies of the Crown, and besides the highly curious and interesting field of research and narrative which its early history affords, it has now arrived at a point in its career which indicates the present as the fittest time for the composition of a work embracing its past history, its actual position, and its future prospects. The institution we mean is that of a local legislature, combining the principles of -elective representation with the representation of the Crown interests, PLAN OF THE WORK. 3 and the establishment of this fixes a date up to which the previous progress of the colony forms of itself an era, or period of history : it is through the details of that period, that we now purpose to carry the reader. The plan upon which the following work is com- posed, is of a descriptive as well as statistical nature, combining the mode and style pursued by Lang and Martin. It has always appeared to us that the former is too generally descriptive, the latter too sterile in his materials for general interest. Lang is exceedingly meagre in his statistical details, and weak in his financial views ; Martin is replete with figures, but such as are often incorrect and sometimes contradictory. In the following papers, the early history which is connected, we consider, with the first distinctive period that we have de- scribed, is made to contain a narrative of the earliest discoveries of Australia down to the naming and taking possession of New South Wales by Cook, the Navigator ; the formation of a penal settlement at Port Jackson, or Sydney under Cap- tain Phillip, the first Governor of the territory ; and a brief but complete and faithful memoir of the several administrations of his successors in the government of the colony. We have given, however, in a separate chapter, a larger propor- tionate space to the administrations of Sir Richard Bourke and Sir George Gipps, both from the greater development of the country during their B 2 4 EARLY DISCOVERY term of vice-regal sway, and because, as yet, the political state of New South Wales under their rule has been nowhere succinctly described—the history written by Dr. Lang only proceeding so far as the first year of Sir Richard Bourke's go- vernment. The continental island of Australia was visited, it is now generally agreed, by De Quiros, a Spanish navigator, in 1609, who, evidently desirous to emulate in this new tract of country the adventures and successes of Columbus and his followers in America, proposed to the reigning monarch of Spain to fit out an expedition for its conquest and possession. For once, however, the swelling ideas of the Hispanian Princes on the subject of uni- versal monarchy were limited, if not suppressed ; the Court of Madrid was satisfied with the acqui- sition of all the Americas, and allowed the Australias to remain an open field for the enterprise of other Kings. During the next forty years several Dutch navi- gators at various dates fell in with the land on the northern and western coasts, and through their combined observations was obtained a tolerably faithful knowledge of the outline of the country from its south-western extremity (at which the colony of Swan River is now situated) to the north- western promontory or cape which borders on the Gulf of Carpentaria, and is the site of Port Essing- ton, and the present settlement of Victoria. OF AUSTRALIA. 5 Nor did the discoveries of the Dutch stop here ; for another navigator, sent thither for the purpose of surveying by the Dutch East India Company, discovered and named Van Diemen's Land, which up to that time had been supposed to be a cape or extremity of Australia. The same commander, Tasman, also sailed round the northern extremity of the island of New Zealand, which he named Cape Maria Van Diemen—the two discoveries thus christened, being called by him after the Governor of the Dutch settlement of Batavia and his daughter, under whose auspices he had undertaken the exploratory voyage. The Gulf of Carpentaria lying just to the east- ward of the northern cape, which we have described as one of the termini of the early Dutch surveys, was entered, explored and named after himself by a commander of the name of Carpenter. The name, therefore, which one half the island of Australia bears—that of New Holland, or as it is written in the original Dutch, " Niew Hollandt" is justly and properly retained by modern hydro- graphers, whilst the remaining half is called generally New South Wales, from the eastern coast having been so first designated by Captain Cook, to whose enterprise and that of other English navigators, the eastern and southern coasts of Australia more particularly owe their discovery. It is to be observed that these are the two main divisions of Australia. Portions of territory have, 6 DIVISION OF AUSTRALIA. from time to time, been reserved out of either, and set apart as Colonies of the Crown, or as depen- dencies of the colonies, under distinct names. Of these, South Australia comprises a part of the territory of New South Wales, but is a separate colony ; in like manner the dependency of Port Phillip has distinct boundaries reserved to it out of the same division, while Western Australia has allotted to it a considerable part of the division known as New Holland ; and Port Essington again, although a dependency of New South Wales, has its territory reserved out of New Holland. We have thought it as well to be somewhat particular in describing the above divisions and subdivisions, because, up to this day, great con- fusion respecting the nomenclature of Australia and its colonies exists in Britain, even amongst the best informed classes.