SUBSISTENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SITE USE THROUGH TIME AT 41HY160, THE TEE BOX SIX LOCALE Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of ARTS by Joseph Joshua Haefner, B.A. San Marcos, Texas August 2011 SUBSISTENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SITE USE THROUGH TIME AT 41HY160, THE TEE BOX SIX LOCALE Committee Members Approved: ______________________________ C. Britt Bousman, Chair ______________________________ James F. Garber ______________________________ Stephen L. Black Approved: _______________________________________ J. Michael Willoughby Dean of Graduate College FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Joseph Joshua Haefner, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in par, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many friends were made during my stint at Texas State University, San Marcos, and I am grateful for their acquaintance. All are due the highest thanks for the camaraderie over the years and I look forward to many more. Dr. James Garber and Dr. Stephen L. Black, members of my committee, deserve high praise for their support, guidance, and patience. Additionally, Dr. Garber deserves recognition for funding the faunal analysis, outsourced to the Archaeological Research Laboratory at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, without which this thesis would not be possible. I am indebted to Dr. Kandace Hollenbach and Ms. Jessica Lee Vavrasek for conducting the faunal analysis and I hope my use of their work is more than satisfactory. I want to especially thank Dr. Britt Bousman, who chaired my committee. To him I am most grateful, as he deftly molded an education without direction into one that I am extremely proud of. I suspect he knew very well where this thesis was headed, even when I did not. Honorable mention goes to Dr. Frank Reilly, who, as he has been to many over the years, acted as an additional consultant and mentor to me while at Texas State. Lastly, I would like to extend my love and thanks to my parents, without whom this undertaking would not have been possible. This manuscript was submitted on June 17, 2011. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER ......................................................................................................................................... 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 2. NATURAL SETTING AND LATE QUATERNARY PALEOENVIRONMENTS ..........4 Climate .....................................................................................................................4 Geology, Pedology and Physiography .....................................................................6 Geology and Pedology within the Vicinity of Site 1HY160 ...................................10 Hydrology ..............................................................................................................13 Biota .......................................................................................................................14 Flora ..........................................................................................................14 Fauna .........................................................................................................17 Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction ......................................................................23 Full Glacial (ca. 20-14,000 B.P.) ..........................................................................25 Late-Glacial (ca. 14,000-ca. 10,000 B.P.) .............................................................28 Early Holocene (ca. 10,000-8000 B.P.) .................................................................31 Middle Holocene (ca. 8000-4000 B.P.) .................................................................33 Late Holocene (ca. 4000 B.P.-Present Day)..........................................................36 v Conclusion .............................................................................................................41 3. CULTURAL CONTEXT...................................................................................................42 Central Texas Archaeological Region ...................................................................42 Prehistoric Chronology .........................................................................................43 Pre-Clovis ..............................................................................................................49 Pre-Clovis Assemblages.........................................................................................53 Paleoindian ............................................................................................................54 Early Paleoindian (11,500-8800 B.P.) ..................................................................55 Folsom/Midland/Plainview ....................................................................................57 Plainview................................................................................................................59 Late Paleoindian (10,000-8800 B.P.) ....................................................................60 San Patrice, Scottsbluff, Angostura and Golondrina.............................................61 Site and Assemblage Patterns ...............................................................................62 The Archaic Period ...............................................................................................64 Early Archaic (8800-6000 B.P.) ............................................................................67 Middle Archaic (6000-4000 B.P.) ..........................................................................74 Burned Rock Middens ............................................................................................76 Late Archaic (4000-1200 B.P.) ..............................................................................80 Late Archaic I ........................................................................................................81 Late Archaic II .......................................................................................................83 Late Prehistoric (1200-420 B.P.) ..........................................................................87 Late Prehistoric I: Austin Phase ............................................................................88 Late Prehistoric II: Toyah Interval ........................................................................89 Historic Period (ca. A.D. 1600-1870) .................................................................. 93 vi 4. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ......................................................................................97 41HY161 and 41HY147 .........................................................................................97 41HY37 ................................................................................................................100 41HY165 ..............................................................................................................101 41HY160 ..............................................................................................................102 Geoarchaeological Investigations .......................................................................105 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................108 5. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................110 Mobility ................................................................................................................111 Mobility and Lithic Assemblages .........................................................................112 Technological Organization and Temporality .....................................................115 Debitage ...............................................................................................................118 Subsistence ...........................................................................................................122 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................125 6. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS .......................................................................126 Research Questions ..............................................................................................126 Methods ................................................................................................................128