11/7/2012 Word Parts: Female gynecology‐ study of diseases of the female reproductive system cervic/o cervix vagin/o, colp/o vagina Exam 6 Review gynec/o female uter/o, hyster/o uterus Chapters 11 and 12 metr/o, metr/i uterine tissue or measurement ovar/o, oophor/o ovary salping/o uterine tube (fallopian tube) vulv/o vulva (external genitalia) Slide 6 Reproductive System Reproductive System ‐cidal killing gonads: cyst/o, vesic/o bladder, cyst, or sac • ovaries(female)‐produce eggs (ova) genit/o genitals • testes(male)‐ produce sperm(spermatozoa) gonad/o genitals or reproduction men/o month • Reproductive organs, whether male or female, or internal or external, are called the genitals ‐plasia development or formation or genitalia. rect/o rectum urethr/o urethra urin/o urine Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 5 Slide 4 1 11/7/2012 External Structures (Fig 11‐1 pg 263) Layers of Uterine Tissue External genitalia are called vulva, which include: endometrium‐innermost layer • mons pubis myometrium‐ middle layer of thick muscular tissue • labia majora‐larger skin fold protecting the vaginal perimetrium‐ membrane that surrounds the uterus opening • labia minora –smaller skin fold protecting the (endo‐)=inside vaginal opening (my/o)= muscle • clitoris (peri‐) = around • opening for glands (metr/o)= uterine tissue, or measurement (‐ium)=membrane Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Fig. 11‐3 Obtaining a cervical Pap smear by using a vaginal speculum‐an instrument that can be pushed apart after it is inserted into Fig. 11‐4 Colposcopy. The vagina and the vagina to allow examination of the cervix cervix are examined with a colposcope. and the walls of the vagina. The instrument used is the colposcope. Slide 11 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 13 2 11/7/2012 Fig. 11‐6 Hysteroscopy. The process of Fig. 11‐7 Hysterosalpingogram. x‐ray visually examining the uterine cavity image of the uterus and uterine tubes. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 15 Slide 16 Diseases and Disorders Menstrual Irregularities (see exercise 7 pg 270) colpitis (colp/o, vagina, + ‐itis,inflammation): inflammation of the vagina; same as vaginitis. • amenorrhea (a‐, without, + men/o, month, + ‐rrhea, cervicocolpitis: inflammation of the vagina and cervix. discharge): absence of menstruation endometriosis a condition where tissure resembling • dysmenorrhea (dys‐, difficult): painful or difficult the endometrium is found abnormally in various menstruation. locations in the pelvic cavity. • menorrhagia (‐rrhagia, hemorrhage): abnormally endo‐ = inside, metr/i=uterine tissue, ‐osis= condition heavy flow or long menstruation. endometritis: inflammation of the endometrium • metrorrhagia (metr/o, uterine tissue): uterine bleeding other than menstruation. *****be careful of spellings Slide 18 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 17 3 11/7/2012 Diseases and Disorders, cont. Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)‐ infection that • contraception, contraceptive‐ any device, occurs when bacteria move from the vagina or process, or method that prevents cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or pelvis. It is commonly caused from STD’s. conception (pregnancy premenstrual syndrome (PMS) –symptoms such as nervous tension, edema, headache, painful breasts, • spermicide ‐kills sperm sleep changes occuring a few days before the onset of menstuation vulvitis – inflammation of the vulva • in vitro fertilization (IVF) ‐a method of fertilizing the ova outside the body Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 22 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 26 Reproductive System Obstetric Word Parts amni/o amnio • dilation and curettage (D&C) a surgical procedure that expands the cervical (the innermost fetal membrane) opening (dilation or dilatation) so that fet/o fetus the uterine wall can be scraped (fetal=pertaining to the fetus) (curettage). nat/i birth • human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) ‐ Testing for this hormone in urine or blood can indicate whether a woman is pregnant. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 31 4 11/7/2012 Pregnancy and Childbirth, cont. Pregnancy ‐para a woman who has given birth Gestation=another name for pregnancy Gravida pregnant woman para I, II, etc. # pregnancies resulting in live births prefix + ‐gravida # pregnancies unipara (uni‐, one) primigravida , gravida I = a woman who is pregnant secundipara (secundus is latin for second) for the first time (primi‐, first) tripara (tri‐, three) gravida II nullipara a woman who has never given birth gravida III, etc. to a viable offspring (nulli‐, none) ****gravida refers only to pregnancy, whereas para designates successful pregnancies resulting in live births. A woman could be gravida III but para 0 (same as nullipara). Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 36 Slide 35 Fig. 11‐13 Fetal presentation. A, Cephalic presentation, the normal presentation of childbirth and the most common (cephal/o=head) Fig. 11‐9 Sites of vaginal fistulas. B, Breech presentation. the buttocks, knees, or feet are fistula: an abnormal, tubelike passage presented C, Shoulder presentation. shoulder is presented at the between two internal organs, or between an cervical opening. (also called transverse presentation) internal organ and the body surface. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 37 Slide 20 5 11/7/2012 Reproductive System Breast Terms ectopic pregnancy ‐ Abnormal mast/o, mamm/o= breast implantation of a fertilized ovum mastalgia, mastodynia, mammalgia: painful breast. outside the uterus • ‐algia & ‐dynia = pain mastitis :inflammation of the breast (‐itis=inflammation) mastoptosis : sagging breast (‐ptosis=sagging, prolapse) amniotomy(‐tomy, incision): surgical mastopexy : surgical procedure to lift breast rupture of the fetal membranes, (‐pexy=surgical fixation) performed to induce or expedite mammoplasty :plastic surgery of the breast labor. (‐plasty=surgical repair) Slide 38 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 44 Word Parts: Male Reproductive System Reproductive System • orchi/o, orchid/o testes cryptorchidism: undescended testicle. • test/o, testicul/o testes • pen/o penis • (crypt/o, hidden, + orchid/o, testis, + ‐ • prostat/o prostate ism, condition) • scrot/o scrotum, bag vasectomy, a small incision is made in the • semin/o semen scrotum, and a piece of the vas deferens • spermat/o sperm is removed. • ‐cidal killing • vas/o vessel or duct Kaposi sarcoma. ‐ a malignant neoplasm (or ductus deferens) that usually occurs in people with AIDS Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 47 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 52 6 11/7/2012 Integumentary System Word Parts: Accessory Structures • seb/o sebum integument‐ another name for skin • pil/o, trich/o hair nails‐ ungual=pertaining to the nail (pilomotor muscles cause “goose bumps”) composed of keratin (kerat/o=horny tissue) • axill/o axilla (armpit) sudoriferous glands‐ (sweat glands)‐ regulate body temp and eliminate waste in form of sweat • follicul/o follicle sebaceous glands – found in all areas of the body that • kerat/o horny (or cornea) have hair. They produce sebum, an oily substance that inhibits growth of bacteria and lubricates the skin • onych/o, ungu/o nail . Slide 5 . Word Parts Word Parts, cont. ichthy/o fish seps/o infection • ichthyosis= skin condition where skin is dry and • sepsis= infection or contamination scaly, resembling fish skin • asepsis=absence of infection/germs xer/o dry sept/o infection or septum • xerosis= skin condition with excessive dryness • septic=infected wound • aseptic conditions=free of pathogenic organisms cutane/o, derm/o, skin • a‐ = no, not, without derm/a, dermat/o Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 7 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 8 7 11/7/2012 Word Parts, cont. Layers of the Skin bacter/i, bacteri/o bacteria • epidermis –the outermost layer ‐cidal killing •dermisis the thick inner layer of the ‐static keeping stationary skin. bacteriostatic =inhibiting the growth of bacteria • subcutaneous adipose tissue ‐under the bactericidal = killing bacteria dermis Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an iif El i I Skin Lesions • cyst‐ filled with fluid • nodule‐ filled with solid (marble‐like) • macules‐ small, nonraised (freckles) • papules‐ raised (moles) Fig. 12‐3 Differentiation of two types of lesions (seen here in cross‐section). pustules‐ a type of blister filled with cloudy fluid or pus Although both cause a raised area of overlying skin, the cyst Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 contains fluid, whereas the nodule is a solid structure. by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Copyright © 2011, Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 9 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an iif El i I 8 11/7/2012 • Matching definitions. See page 309 exercise 8. Fig. 12‐5 Wheals. This elevated, irregularly shaped lesion is seen in an allergic skin eruption. Copyright © 2011, 2007,