THE ORIGINS OF NUCLEAR COOPERATION A CRITICAL ORAL HISTORY BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND BRAZIL Edited by Rodrigo Mallea, Matias Spektor and Nicholas J. Wheeler THE ORIGINS OF NUCLEAR COOPERATION A CRITICAL ORAL HISTORY OF ARGENTINA AND BRAZIL Edited by Rodrigo Mallea, Matias Spektor and Nicholas J. Wheeler A joint conference between FGV, ICCS and theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Rio de Janeiro, 21-23 March 2012 ii iii Mallea, Rodrigo; Spektor, Matias; Wheeler, Nicholas J. Editors. The Origins of Nuclear Cooperation: a Critical Oral History of Argentina and Brazil/ pages cm 21 x ISBN# 978-85-60213-11-5 1 Oral history. 2. Nuclear proliferation. 3. Argentina and Brazil. MN321.5.R44 2014 355.21—ms79 2014039642 Cover image: Sarney and Alfonsín meet at the Iguaçu falls. www.brasilescola.com © 2015 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and FGV Graphic design: Celeste Hampton, www.celestehampton.com FVG, School of Social Sciences 190, Praia de Botafogo Río de Janeiro 22253900 Brazil www.cpdoc.fgv.br Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 www.wilsoncenter.org iv THE WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, is the national, living U.S. memorial honoring President Woodrow Wilson. In providing an essential link between the worlds of ideas and public policy, the Center addresses current and emerging challenges confronting the United States and the world. The Center promotes policy-relevant research and dialogue to increase understanding and enhance the capabilities and knowledge of leaders, citizens, and institutions worldwide. 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The following publication contains the proceedings of the conference “Origins of Nuclear Co- operation between Brazil and Argentina,” held at Fundação Getulio Vargas (Rio de Janeiro) on 21-23 March 2012. v Fundação Getulio Vargas was created in 1944 to provide world-class training in business, public policy, and economics in Brazil. In 2013, FGV was, for the fifth year running, one of the world’s top 30 think tanks according to the Global Go To Think Tanks Rankings. President Orlando dos Santos Marques Carlos Ivan Simonsen Leal (Publicis Brasil Comunicação Ltda) Raul Calfat (Votorantim Participações S.A) Vice Presidents Leonardo André Paixão (IRB-Brasil Resseguros Francisco Oswaldo Neves Dornelles S.A) Marcos Cintra Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Ronaldo Vilela (Sindicato das Empresas de Sergio Franklin Quintella Seguros Privados, de Previdência Complementar e de Capitalização nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro Dean of Social Sciences e do Espírito Santo) Celso Castro Sandoval Carneiro Junior Board of Trustees Board of Directors President: Carlos Alberto Lenz Cesar Protásio Armando Klabin Vice President: João Alfredo Dias Lins Carlos Alberto Pires de Carvalho e Albuquerque Ernane Galvêas Vocals José Luiz Miranda Alexandre Koch Torres de Assis Lindolpho de Carvalho Dias Angélica Moreira da Silva Manoel Pio Corrêa Jr. (Federação Brasileira de Bancos) Marcílio Marques Moreira Ary Oswaldo Mattos Filho Roberto Paulo Cezar de Andrade Carlos Moacyr Gomes de Almeida Andrea Martini (Souza Cruz S/A) Eduardo M. Krieger Estado do Rio Grande do Sul Heitor Chagas de Oliveira Jaques Wagner (Estado da Bahia) Luiz Chor (Chozil Engenharia Ltda) Marcelo Serfaty Marcio João de Andrade Fortes Pedro Henrique Mariani Bittencourt (Banco BBM S.A) vi vii viii Contents About the Editors . .. xi Participants . xii Note to Readers . xv Introduction . 3 Witnesses to Nuclear Rapprochement: Key Junctures . 14 Transcript of the Critical Oral History Conference . 26 Chronology . 182 Bibliography . 192 Acknowledgements . 203 ix PARTICIPANTS ANGRA DOS REIS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT X x UNA HISTORIA ORAL CRITICAL ORAL HISTORY About the Editors Rodrigo Mallea joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina in 2014. He holds a master’s degree in Political Science from the State University of Rio de Janeiro and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in International Studies with Universidad Torcuato Di Tella in Buenos Aires. Matias Spektor is an Associate Professor of International Relations at Fundação Getulio Vargas in Brazil. He is the author of Kissinger e o Brasil (2009) and 18 dias: quando Fernando Henrique e Lula se uniram para conquistar o apoio de Bush (2014). He is currently researching a book on the Brazilian nuclear program. Nicholas J. Wheeler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Birmingham in the UK, and directs the Institute for Conflict, Cooperation and Security. He is the author of several books, including Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (2000) and with Ken Booth, The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation and Trust in World Politics (2008). His next book Trusting Enemies is under contract with Oxford University Press. xi XI PARTICIPANTS Participants Adolfo Saracho was the first Director of the De- Andrew Hurrell is Montague Burton Professor partment for Nuclear Affairs and Disarmament of of International Relations at Oxford University the Foreign Ministry of Argentina (1983-1987). and a fellow at Balliol College. He wrote Inequa- He was a member of the Board of the National lity, Globalization and World Politics (with Ngaire Atomic Agency Commission (1987) and was Pre- Woods, Oxford University Press 1999), Order sident Alfonsín’s envoy to several meetings of the and Justice in International Relations (with Rose- Group of Six. He was Argentina’s Ambassador to mary Foot and John Lewis Gaddis, Oxford Uni- Turkey and Consul-General in New Orleans, and versity Press 2003) and On Global Order (Oxford a member of the Commission for Disarmament University Press 2007), as well as numerous arti- in Bern and Geneva. cles on international politics and Latin America. Oscar Camilión served as deputy foreign minis- Luiz Felipe Lampreia served in the Foreign Mi- ter under President Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962). nister’s cabinet (1974-1979), was deputy Foreign He was then Ambassador to Brazil (1976-1981), Minister (1992-1993) and then Foreign Minis- Foreign Minister (1981), and Defense Minister ter under President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1993-1996). (1995-2001). He was Brazil’s Ambassador to Su- riname (1983-1985), Portugal (1990-1992) and Luiz Augusto de Castro Neves served at the Bra- Geneva (1993-1994). zilian Embassy in Argentina (1971-1974) and as Deputy Chief of the Energy and Mineral Re- Rodrigo Mallea was a MA student at the Rio de sources Division at the Brazilian Foreign Ministry Janeiro State University and an associate resear- (1979-1981). Between 1978 and 1985 he also cher at FGV at the time of the conference. He served as the permanent Brazilian representative now works at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of at the IAEA Board of Governors. He served in Argentina and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in the Brazilian National Security Council (1981- International Studies with Universidad Torcuato 1987), and in 1986/87 he was a delegate in ne- Di Tella in Buenos Aires. gotiations with Argentina. He was Deputy Secre- tary for Strategic Affairs to the Brazilian President Timothy McDonnell was a MA candidate at Ge- (1992-1995) and Assistant-Deputy Foreign Mi- orge Washington University and a program asso- nister. He served as Brazil’s ambassador to Para- ciate at the Woodrow Wilson International Cen- guay (2000-2004), China (2004-2008), and Ja- ter for Scholars at the time of the conference. He pan (2008-2010). is now a PhD candidate at MIT. XII xii UNA HISTORIA ORAL CRITICAL ORAL HISTORY Eduardo Mello was a research assistant at the tion to the II NPT Review Conference in Geneva Center for International Relations at FGV at the (1980), and being a member of the delegation in time