Syntactic extension The historical development of Dutch verb clusters Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: © 2015 Anneke Laarakkers. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-94-6093-177-2 NUR 616 Copyright © 2015: Griet Coupé. All rights reserved. Syntactic extension The historical development of Dutch verb clusters Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 5 juni 2015 om 12.30 uur precies door Griet Coupé geboren op 13 januari 1978 te Eeklo (België) Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.M.C. van Kemenade Prof. dr. B. Los (University of Edinburgh, Verenigd Koninkrijk) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. N. van der Sijs Prof. dr. H.J. Bennis (UvA) Prof. dr. J. Hoeksema (RUG) v Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Dutch verb cluster ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The historical development of verb clusters ................................................................. 2 1.3 Focus of this study .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Short and long verb clusters ............................................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Late Middle Dutch.................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.3 A note on Low Saxon dialects ........................................................................................... 5 1.3.4 Dutch and other West-Germanic languages .............................................................. 5 1.4 Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Organisation of this study ...................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 – The Dutch verb cluster: an exploration ......................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Verb clusters in Present-day Dutch ................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 The notion ‘verb cluster’ .................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 The notion ‘auxiliary’ ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 The notion ‘syntagm’ ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.4 The hierarchical structure of verb clusters ............................................................. 19 2.2.5 Verb order variation .......................................................................................................... 23 2.2.5.1 Hierarchical and linear order ........................................................ 23 2.2.5.2 Terminology .......................................................................................... 24 2.2.5.3 Dutch vs. other Germanic languages .......................................... 26 2.2.5.4 Order variation in two-verb clusters .......................................... 27 2.2.5.5 Order variation in three-verb clusters ....................................... 34 2.2.5.6 Order variation in longer verb clusters ..................................... 45 2.2.5.7 Cluster interruption ........................................................................... 47 2.2.6 The IPP-effect ....................................................................................................................... 48 vi 2.3 Verb clusters from a diachronic perspective ............................................................. 51 2.3.1 Grammaticalisation of auxiliaries ..................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Historical developments in verb order variation ...................................... 57 2.3.3 Factors influencing verb order variation in historical texts ................. 59 2.3.4 The history of the IPP-effect................................................................................ 61 2.4 Syntactic analyses of verb clusters ................................................................................. 62 2.4.1 Mono-clausal and bi-clausal approaches ....................................................... 63 2.4.2 Movement theories: V-Raising or VP-raising .............................................. 66 2.4.3 Derivational accounts of verb order variation ............................................ 68 2.4.4 Verb order variation as linearisation at the phonetic level .................. 72 2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 73 Chapter 3 – Research design ..................................................................................................... 75 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 75 3.2 Case studies of Dutch in transition ................................................................................. 75 3.3 Corpora ....................................................................................................................................... 78 3.4 Research method .................................................................................................................... 81 3.5 Organisation of the following chapters ........................................................................ 85 Chapter 4 – Order variation in two-verb clusters ........................................................... 87 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 87 4.2 Two-verb clusters in the data set .................................................................................... 87 4.2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 87 4.2.2 Avoiding bias by excluding formulaic contexts .......................................... 89 4.3 Impact of variables ................................................................................................................ 92 4.3.1 Variable auxiliary ..................................................................................................... 92 4.3.2 Variable time .............................................................................................................. 93 4.3.3 Variable dialect ......................................................................................................... 96 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 100 4.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 104 vii Chapter 5 – Order variation in long verb clusters ........................................................ 105 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 105 5.2 Three-verb clusters in the data set .............................................................................. 106 5.2.1 Different orders ..................................................................................................... 106 5.2.2 Different intermediate auxiliaries ................................................................. 111 5.2.3 Different syntagms ............................................................................................... 113 5.2.4 Effects of grouping auxiliary combinations as syntagms .................... 121 5.3 Impact of variables in three-verb clusters ............................................................... 124 5.3.1 Variable auxiliary .................................................................................................. 124 5.3.2 Variable syntagm................................................................................................... 126 5.3.3 Variable dialect ...................................................................................................... 131 5.3.4 Variable time ........................................................................................................... 133 5.3.5 Summary ................................................................................................................... 136 5.4 Four-verb clusters in the data set ................................................................................ 137 5.5 The impact of cluster length on verb order ............................................................. 144 5.5.1 Evidence from the corpus ................................................................................. 145 5.5.2 Evidence from other West-Germanic