Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 213 Nanophotonic Pervaporation Desalination U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado January 2018 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) January 2018 Final September 2016 – December 2017 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Nanophotonic Pervaporation Desalination: Modeling and experiments of Agreement No. R16AC00125 advanced hybrid pervaporation membrane processes to minimize concentrate volume for inland brackish water desalination 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Mary Laura Lind, Shane Walker, Matthew Green, and Stewart Mann 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Dr. Mary Laura Lind NUMBER Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of Arizona State University P.O. Box 875011 Tempe, AZ 85287-6011 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation U.S. Department of the Interior Denver Federal Center 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225-0007 NUMBER(S) DWPR Report No. 213 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Online at https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/DWPR_Reports.html 14. ABSTRACT This research focused on evaluating concentration polarization in a hybrid reverse osmosis/pervaporation system for managing inland brackish water desalination concentrate through computational analysis and experiments. Concentration polarization is more significant in pervaporation than in reverse osmosis. The propensity for scaling based on activities is lower than that based on concentrations and can be mitigated when necessary by adjusting residence time or adding antiscalents. The secondary focus was developing flux-enhanced nanophotonic pervaporation membranes. The photothermal effect resulted in up to 69% enhancement in flux in the first-generation nanophotonic membranes for recovery of brackish waters, with chloride rejections greater than 99.9%. The photothermal effect also has the potential to mitigate concentration polarization in pervaporation. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Pervaporation, nanophotonic, reverse osmosis, scaling, concentration polarization 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Yuliana Porras Mendoza a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT THIS PAGE 19b. 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Z39.18 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 213 Nanophotonic Pervaporation Desalination: Modeling and Experiments of Advanced Hybrid Pervaporation Membrane Processes to Minimize Concentrate Volume for Inland Brackish Water Desalination Prepared for the Bureau of Reclamation Under Agreement No. R16AC00125 by Mary Laura Lind*, Shane Walker**, Matthew Green*, and Stewart Mann* *School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona **Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado January 2018 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer The views, analysis, recommendations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent official or unofficial policies or opinions of the United States Government, and the United States takes no position with regard to any findings, conclusions, or recommendations made. As such, mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Acknowledgments We thank the Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program, Bureau of Reclamation, for sponsoring this research. We also thank undergraduate students Frederick Rivers and Mitchell Durbin for their contributions to this work. Nanophotonic Pervaporation Desalination Acronyms and Abbreviations BGNDRF Brackish Groundwater Desalination Research Facility CB carbon black CCDTM Closed-circuit desalination CERROTM Batch recycling of concentrate DCMD direct contact membrane distillation IPAB Industrial Practitioners Advisory Board LED light-emitting diode LHS left hand side MD membrane distillation NESMD nanophotonic-enabled solar membrane distillation NEWT Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment NP nanoparticles PFDF poly vinylidene fluoride PDMS polydimethylsiloxane PVA polyvinyl alcohol Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation RHS right hand side RIS resistance in series RO reverse osmosis SBLMTC solute boundary layer mass transfer coefficient SEM scanning electron microscope SWCNT single walled carbon nanotube TDS total dissolved solids TFBLT thin film boundary layer theory THF tetrahydrofuran UV ultraviolet VMD vacuum membrane distillation VOC volatile organic compounds WMTC water mass transfer coefficient Measurements [] dimensionless °C degree Centigrade °F degree Fahrenheit cm centimeter cm2 square centimeters cm3 cubic centimeter cm3 s-1 cubic centimeters per second (volumetric flow) dz One increment (0.1 meter [m]) along axis of flow g gram g cm-3 grams per cubic centimeter (mass concentration) g/L grams per liter g L-1 grams per liter g s-1 grams per second (mass flow rate) J Joule J mol-1 Joules per mole J g-1 K-1 Joules per gram per degree Kelvin J kg-1 Joules per kilogram J mol-1 K-1 Joules per mole per degree Kelvin J s-1 Joules per second Nanophotonic Pervaporation Desalination K degree Kelvin kg m-3 kilograms per cubic meter (mass concentration) kg m-1 s-1 kilograms per meter per second (viscosity) kg m-2 h-1 kilograms per meter squared hour (flux) kg m-2 s-1 kilograms per square meter per second (flux) kg m-2 s-1 kPa-1 kilograms per square meter per second per kilopascal (permeance) kPa kilopascal kW/kg h kilowatts per kilograms per hour L bar mol-1 K-1 liter-bars per mole per degree Kelvin (gas constant R) L m-2 h-1 liters per square meter per hour (volumetric flux) L m-2 h-1 bar-1 liters per square meter per hour per bar (water mass transfer coefficient) M Molar m h-1 meters per hour (solute mass transfer coefficient) M/L moles per liter m s-1 meters per second (feed channel velocity,v, or volumetric water flux, v’) m2 s-1 square meters per second (solute diffusion coefficient) m3 cubic meter m3 s-1 cubic meters per second (feed volumetric flow) mg/L milligrams per liter mg L-1 milligrams per liter mg s-1 milligrams per second (solute transmembrane mass transfer rate) mg m-2 h-1 milligrams per square meter per hour (solute flux) mg m-3 milligrams per cubic meter (mass concentration) mm millimeter mol L-1 moles per liter mol m-2 s-1 moles per square meter per second (molar flux, ) mol2 m-2 s-1 J-1 square moles per square meter per second per Joule mol m-2 s-1 kPa-1 moles per square meter per second per kilopascal mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 moles per square meter per second per Pascal mol m-3 moles per cubic meter (molar concentration) nm nanometer s-1 inverse second (feed impeller rotational (angular) speed) s m-1 seconds per meter (reciprocal solute boundary layer mass transfer coefficient) W m-2 Watts per square meter W m-2 K-1 Watts per square meter per degree Kelvin wt% percent weight μm micrometer μg/L micrograms per liter iv Nanophotonic Pervaporation Desalination Variables A and b ion specific parameters a activity C ion concentration solute feed concentration concentration of species i in the boundary layer bulk solute feed concentration concentration of species i at the feed membrane interface solute permeate concentration 0 concentration polarization modulus Δ′ boundary layer thickness boundary layer change in solute concentration dH hydraulic diameter solute mass diffusion coefficient DNaCl solute diffusion coefficient dz feed channel incremental length E enrichment EA activation energy of permeation intrinsic enrichment , total permeance of species i 0 h feed