Journal Editorial Board ISSN: 2152-2197 (Print), 2152-2219 (Online) Hhttp://www.scirp.org/journal/jep Editors-in-Chief Dr. Qingren Wang University of Florida, USA Prof. Thangarasu Pandiyan National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico Editorial Board Prof. Ernest K. Yanful University of Western Ontario, Canada Prof. Jacques Desbrieres University of Pau, France Dr. Xiaoli Liu Tsinghua University, China Prof. Sheng-Gong Li Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Dr. Kyoung-Woong Kim Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Kore (South) Dr. Fawu Wang Kyoto University, Japan Dr. Ho-Wen Chen Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, China Dr. Patryk Oleszczuk University of Life Sciences, Poland Dr. Junran Li New Mexico State University, USA Dr. K. Krishnamurthi National environmental Engineering Research Institute, India Dr. Swades Kumar Chaulya Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, India Dr. Martha M. Bakker Wageningen University and Research Centre, Netherlands Prof. Constantin Drainas University of Ioannina, Greece Dr. Adani Fabrizio University of Milan, Italy Dr. H.D. Revanasiddappa University of Mysore, India Prof. Young Ku National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, China Dr. Xiangjun Tian Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Dr. Bischetti Gian Battista University of Milan, Italy Dr. Jimmy Siu Hung Tsang The University of Hong Kong, China Dr. Yoshiharu Fujii National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan Dr. Mukul Das Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India Prof. Krzysztof Szoszkiewicz Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Prof. Amal. K. Paul University of Calcutta, India Prof. Li-Ming Zhang Sun Yat-Sen University, China Dr. Fabian Taube Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Sweden Dr. Ganesh Raj Joshi University of the Ryukyus, Japan Dr. Josh T. Ackerman University of California, USA Editorial Assistant Tian Huang Scientific Research Publishing, USA [email protected] Guest Reviewer Di Deng Journal of Environmental Protection, 2010, 1, 1-72 Published Online March 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jep) TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 1 Number 1 March 2010 Modelling Livestock Activities and Environmental Sustainability: The African Case E. A. Abdelgalil, S. I. Cohen………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Assessment of Radiological Contamination of Soils Due to Shipbreaking Using HPGe Digital Gamma-Ray Spectrometry System M. K. Hossain, S. M. Hossain, R. Azim, AKM Moinul Haque Meaze…………………………………………………………10 Environmental Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation: Bamenda City, Cameroon E. M. Nyambod……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15 Comparative Performance and Computational Approach of Humic Acid Removal by Clay Adsorption C. Yu, J. Q. Jiang…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24 Assessment of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Uses in the Oshnavieh Area, Northwest of Iran N. Aghazadeh, A. A. Mogaddam…………………………………………………………………………………………………30 Modeling of Climatic Parameters and Determination of Climatic Differences in the City of Elazig-Turkey and its Close Regions S. Akpinar, E. K. Akpinar…………………………………………………………………………………………………………41 Impacts of Chromium from Tannery Effluent and Evaluation of Alternative Treatment Options A. A. Belay………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53 A Review of the Climate-Change-Impacts’ Rates of Change in the Arctic J. S. Pechsiri, A. Sattari, P. G. Martinez, L. Xuan…………………………………………………………………………………59 Polyprenol from the Whole Plants of Leucaena leucocephala C. Y. Chen, Y. D. Wang…………………………………………………………………………………………………………70 Copyright © 2010 SciRes JEP Journal of Environmental Protection (JEP) Journal Information SUBSCRIPTIONS The Journal of Environmental Protection (Online at Scientific Research Publishing, www.SciRP.org) is published quarterly by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. Subscription rates: Print: $50 per issue. To subscribe, please contact Journals Subscriptions Department, E-mail: [email protected] SERVICES Advertisements Advertisement Sales Department, E-mail: [email protected] Reprints (minimum quantity 100 copies) Reprints Co-ordinator, Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. E-mail: [email protected] COPYRIGHT Copyright©2010 Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 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We assumes no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. We expressly disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. PRODUCTION INFORMATION For manuscripts that have been accepted for publication, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] Journal of Environmental Protection, 2010, 1, 1-9 1 doi:10.4236/jep.2010.11001 Published Online March 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jep) Modelling Livestock Activities and Environmental Sustainability: The African Case Eisa Abdalla Abdelgalil1, Suleiman Ibrahim Cohen2 1Economic Research Department, Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dubai, UAE; 2Erasmus School of Economics, Eras- mus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received January 20th, 2010; revised February 28th, 2010; accepted March 1st, 2010. ABSTRACT This paper develops a dynamic model of grazing land degradation. The model illustrates the relationship between live- stock levels and grazing land degradation over time. It identifies the mechanisms by which the factors internal to the livestock local production system and those drawn from the larger economic context of livestock marketing influence livestock-grazing land relationship. The paper shows that overstocking leads to degradation which leads to declining relative prices of livestock as quality declines and mortality increases. As relative price of livestock falls, consumption increases. The increased consumption and mortality ultimately leads to lower livestock population, which leads to de- creased degradation. The model results show that medium term dynamics of grazing land degradation are quite differ- ent from long term dynamics. It is shown that although grazing land sustainability situation is adverse in the medium term, yet it is favourable in the long term. The livestock system is dynamic and can adjust when longer term system dy- namics are allowed to play out. Part of the adjustment mechanism is built in the livestock system and the other part comes from the economic system. The built-in adjustment mechanism works through the two-way relationship between the stock and degradation. The external adjustment mechanism, originating from the economic system, works through economic growth, relative prices and foreign trade. In the medium term, opportunistic management strategy and poli- cies that facilitate access to grazing land and water are crucial for mitigating degradation. The results suggest that the views of the mainstream range management paradigm and the new thinking of range ecology can be reconciled. Keywords: Livestock, Grazing Land, Degradation, Models 1. Introduction between livestock and environment and its economic implications is very sporadic. There is no more than a There are complex relationships between livestock graz- handful quantitative models that have addressed related ing and production on the one hand, and environment issues. Wilcox and Thomas [9] used for Australia a conservation and degradation costs on the other hand. In model to examine the relationship between cost of pro- the context of the interaction between livestock and the duction and range conditions under long term steady- environment in developing countries, several studies state conditions. Braat and Opschoor [10] developed for have underlined the tendency of overstocking of grazing Botswana a simulation model that focused on the role of land resulting in land degradation, see [1–4]. rainfall and the stocking rate in determining the quality The degradation of grazing land adversely affects the of the range and herd development. Berrings and Stern natural growth rate of the livestock and its quality. [11] using the cattle-rangeland system in the semi-arid When grazing land is degraded, the stock fertility rate rangelands of Botswana, followed a dynamic economet- falls and mortality rate rises, the weight of animals in ric approach for modelling the loss of resilience in an terms of kilograms is less and the quality of their prod- ecological-economic system. uct is low, as compared to the situation where there is None of