Notes 1 Early Warnings and Denials: Father Gauthe 1. See, for example: Father Thomas Doyle, O. P. and Stephen C. Rubino, “Catholic Clergy Sexual Abuse Meets the Civil Law,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 31, no. 2 (2003): Article 6. Accessed at http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj. 2. For example, see his encyclicals titled Sapientiae Christianae (Promulgated 10 January 1890), Immortale Dei (Promulgated 1 November 1885), Longinque Oceani (Promulgated 1 January 1885), Inscrutibili Dei Consilio (Promulgated 21 April 1878), and Testem Benevolentiae (Promulgated 22 January 1899). All accessed at http://www.vatican.va. 3. Pope Leo XIII, “Longinque Oceani, Section 8,” 6 January 1895, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals /documents/hf_l-xiiI_enc_06011895_longinqua_en.html. 4. Pope Leo XIII, “Immortale Dei, Section 33,” 1 November 1885, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals /documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_01111885_immortale-dei_en.html. 5. Pope Leo XIII, “Sapientiae Christianae, Sections 22 and 24,” 10 January 1890, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii /encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_10011890_sapientiae -christianae_en.html. 6. See Jo Renee Formicola, “Catholic Moral Demands in American Politics: A New Paradigm,” Journal of Church and State 51, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 4–23. See, for example, the religious challenges and responses by Al Smith, John F. Kennedy, John Kerry, and Rudolph Giuliani in their quests for the presidency. 7. See his main articles on the subject: “Freedom of Religion I: The Ethical Problem,” Theological Studies, 6 (June 1945): 229–286; “Contemporary Orientations of Catholic Thought on Church and State,” Theological Studies 10 (June 1949): 177–234; 217 218 Notes “Governmental Repression of Heresy,” Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America (Chicago: Catholic Theological Society of America, 1948) pp. 26–98; “The Problem of State Religion,” Theological Studies 12 (June 1951) pp, 155–178; and “Leo XIII on Church and State: The General Structure of the Controversy,” Theological Studies XIV (March 1953): 1–30; “Leo XIII: Separation of Church and State,” Theological Studies 14 (March 1953): 145–214. Murray was subsequently censured for these ideas and not allowed to write on the subject of church-state relations. For a more complete explanation, see Jo Renee Formicola, “American Catholic Political Theology,” Journal of Church and State 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1987): 457–474. 8. The General Council (known as Vatican II) lasted from 1962–1965. Its purpose was to bring about Church renewal. For a compendium of documents that were promulgated at the meeting, see Walter M. Abbott, gen. ed., The Documents of Vatican II (New York: Herder and Herder, 1966). 9. Lumen Gentium, in Abbott, Documents of Vatican II, Section 41, p. 241. 10. Ibid., Section 76, pp. 287–288 in Abbott, Documents of Vatican II. 11. Dignitatius Humane, Section 2, pp. 678–679 in Abbott, Documents of Vatican II. 12. See, for example, earlier works that continued to be influential regarding American Catholic thought on Church State relations by Father John A. Ryan, Moorehouse F. X. Millar, SJ. and Father Francis J. Boland. See especially, John A. Ryan and F. X. Millar, The State and the Church (New York: Macmillan, 1922) and John A. Ryan and Francis A. Boland, Catholic Principles of Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1940). 13. Pope Leo XIII, Immortale Dei. 14. Jason Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), http://www.bishop-accountability.org/news/1986_01_30_Berry_Anatomy Of.htm. 15. David Kohn, “The Church on Trial, Part 1: Rage in Louisana,” CBS News Report, 11 June 2002, http://cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/11/6011/main511845 .html. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 7. 19. Ibid., p. 11. 20. Jason Berry, “Anatomy of a Cover Up: The Diocese of Lafayette and Its Moral Responsibility for the Pedophilia Scandal,” The Times of Acadiana, 30 January 1986, http://www.bishop-accountability.org/news/1986_01_30_Berry_Anatomy Of.htm. 21. One family, the Campbell’s, disagreed with this strategy and in the end, wanted to return the settlement money they received in order to have their son testify in a subsequent action against Gauthe. 22. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 23. Notes 219 23. Rev. Dr. Thomas Kane, “House of Affirmation, International Theraputic Center for Clergy and Religious: Give Me Your Hand,” September 1973, p. 3, http://www.bishop-accountability.org/treatment/HoA/1973_09_Kane _House_of_Affirmation.pdf. 24. Rev. Dr. Thomas Kane, “The House of Affirmation,”Brothers in Newsletter 17, no. 2 (1976): 19, http://www.bishop-accountability.org/treatment/HoA/1976 _Kane_House_of_Affirmation.pdf. 25. Investigative Staff ofThe Boston Globe, Betrayal: The Crisis in the Catholic Church (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2002), p. 172. 26. Ibid., p. 175. 27. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 6, his description. 28. Kohn, “The Church on Trial.” 29. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, 51. 30. Ibid., p. 10. 31. Eamonn O’Neil, “What the Catholic bishop Knew,” The Guardian, 2 April 2010, New York, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/02/catholic -bishop-william-levada. 32. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 37. 33. Kane, House of Affirmation, “House of Affirmation, International Theraputic Center,” p. 3. 34. Ibid. 35. Berry, Lead Us Not into Tempation, p 39. 36. The cases had a number of hearings. SeeGastal v. Hannan, No. 84-CC-1833 Supreme Court of Louisiana. 459 So. 2d 526; 1984. 7 December 1984. Gastal v. Hannan, No. 84-OC-2070. Supreme Court of Louisiana. 462. So. 2d 201; 1984. 20 December 1984. Gastal v. Hannan, No. 85-CD=0102, Supreme Court of Louisiana. 463 so. 2d. 593, 1985. 27 February 1985. Gastal v. Hannan, No. 85-CD-0512. Supreme Court of Louisiana. 466 So. 2d. 450; 1985. 12 April 1985. Gastal v. Hannan, No. 85-CD-1213. Supreme Court of Louisiana. 472 So. 2d 923; 1985. 28 June 28 1985. 37. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 57. 38. This diplomatic shift reflected a changed attitude in church-state thinking in the United States, especially at the Vatican. Both Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II had similar concerns: the power of the atheistic Communist regime in Eastern Europe to stifle freedom, both political and religious. Some saw this as a possible reason for a diplomatic symbiosis between the United States and the Holy See. For a fuller and more historical explanation, see Jo Renee Formicola, “US Vatican-Relations: Toward a Post-Cold War Convergence?” Journal of Church and State 38 (Autumn 1996): 799–816. 39. See, for example, Carl Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” Time 139 (24 February 1992): 28–35; Alex Alexiev, “The Kremlin and the Vatican,” Orbis 27 (Fall 1983): 554–565. 220 Notes 40. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 56. 41. Father Thomas Doyle, O. P., “A Short History of The Manual,” Weirdload.com, http://www.weirdload.com/pd-manual.html. 42. Ibid., p. 1. 43. In 2001, the organization changed its name from the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). The United States Conference of Catholics Bishops (USCCB) was the original name of the bishops’ administrative organization housed in Washington, DC. 44. O’Neill, “What the Catholic Bishop Knew,” p. 3. 45. Doyle, “A Short History of The Manual,” p. 5. 46. Ibid., p. 6. 47. Ibid., p. 7. 48. Carl M. Cannon, “Priests Who Molest,” San Jose Mercury News, 31 December 1987, p. 3. Accessed at bishop-accountability.org. 49. Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation, p. 155. 50. Kohn, “The Church on Trial.” 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid. 54. O’Neill, “What the Catholic Bishop Knew,” p. 2. 55. Paulson, “Lessons Unlearned,” p. 2. 56. The Investigative Staff ofThe Boston Globe, Betrayal, p. 39. 57. Laurie Goodstein, “Audit Finds Sex Abuse Was Topic Decades Ago,” The New York Times, 19 June 2013, p. A14. 58. The National Review Board for the Protection of Children and Young People, A Report of the Crisis in the Catholic Church in the United States (Washington, DC: The United States Conference of Catholic bishops, 2004), p. 46, http:// www.bishop-accountability.org. 59. Bishops’ Ad Hoc Committee on Sexual Abuse, “Restoring Trust: A Pastoral Response to Sexual Abuse, Volume I,” Binder of Materials Presented to the NCCB at its Annual Meeting in Washington, DC, November 1994. “Restoring Trust: A Pastoral Response to Sexual Abuse Volume II,” November 1995; and “Restoring Trust: A Pastoral Response to Sexual Abuse Volume III,” 1996. All accessed at http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/1994–11 -RestoringTrust/. 60. Eric Rich and Elizabeth Hamilton, “Doctors: Church Used Us,” Hartford Courant, 24 March 2002, http://www.bishop-accountability.org/news9/2002 –03–24. 61. Ibid. 62. Bishops’ Ad Hoc Committee on Sexual Abuse, “Restoring Trust, . Volume I,” p. 23. Notes 221 2 Revelations and Scandals: Boston and Beyond 1. Thomas Farragher, “Behind Walls, Trouble Built to a Brutal End,” The Boston Globe, 2 December 2003, http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts /articles/2003/12/02/behind_walls_trouble_built_to_a_brutal_end/?page=full. 2. Ibid. 3. The scene is available on YouTube. Youtube.com, “Joseph Druce #1,” http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjkHXDtoXAo.JosephDruce#1YouTube. Upload 12 June 2007. 4. Daniel J. Wakin and Katie Zezima, “Abusive Ex-Priest, John Geoghan, Is Killed in Prison,” The New York Times, 24 August 2003, http://www.snapnetwork.og /news/massachusetts/boston/geoghan_murder. 5. CNN Staff, “Prosecutor: Inmate Considered Geoghan ‘A Prize.’ ” CNN, 26 August 2003, http://cnn.com/2003/US/08/25/geoghan/index.html. 6. Farragher, “Behind Walls.” 7. John Geoghan, “Letter of Father John Geoghan to Bishop Daily,” 4 April 1980, http://www.bishop-accountability.org/ma-boston/archives/PatternAnd Practice/0303-Geoghan-II-06705–06706.pdf.