GOVERNMENT O F THE REPUBLIC OF MON TENEGRO MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR EMERGENCY AND CIVIL SECURITY SECTOR NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR EMERGENCIES NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR EMERGENCIES has been developed as an expression of growing awareness and need of the citizens of the Republic of Montenegro, and the society as such, for a comprehensive and well-organised response to all types of emergencies within the state. The strategy development initiated pursuant to the Decision of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro adopted at its session held on 21st July 2005 by which the Ministry of Interior was ordered to set on the development of such a strategy in order to establish a comprehensive concept for the creation of a functioning system for prevention of accidents, as well as for protection and rescue in possible natural disasters, technical and technological accidents, biological, chemical, nuclear and radiological accidents, breaking out of epidemics of contagious diseases with a large number of diseased and dead. The document at hand, the Law on Protection and Rescue and the establishment of the Emergencies and Civil Security Sector within the Ministry of Interior make an integral and efficient response of the Republic of Montenegro to emergencies. Thus, Montenegro has set essential directions for proper response to emergencies in terms with global intentions and commitments of the international community to mitigate disasters. Expert Working Group Coordinator Zoran Begović, M.Sc. EXPERT WORKING GROUP FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OD NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR EMERGENCIES . MINISTRY OF INTERIOR: Zoran Begović, M.Sc., coordinator . MINISTRY OF HEALTH: Krsto Nikolić, Ph.D. MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PHYSICAL PLANNING: Željko Božović, d.p.p. and Vesna Zarubica, dipl. ing. MINISTRY OF ECONOMY: Slavko Burić, dipl. ing., Blagota Novosel, dipl. ing. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND WATER MANAGEMENT: Ranko Kankaraš . PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE: M. Sci. med. Dr Boban Mugoša, epidemiologist . SEISMOLOGIC INSTITUTE: Dr Branislav Glavatović, dipl. ing. geof. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE: Radivoje Vučković, dipl. met. CENTRE FOR ECO-TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING: Ana Mišurović, spec. teh. hem. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEOLOGICAL IRESEARCH: Slobodan Radusinović, dipl. ing. geol. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING: Dr Srđan Janković, dipl. ing. građ. RED CROSS OF MONTENEGRO: Slobodan Kalezić, dipl. ing. geol. MARITIME SAFETY ADMINISTRATION: kap. Predrag Ratković . TERMINAL FLIGHT CONTROL: Šemsudin Redžepagić . MOUNTAINEERING ASSOCIATION OF MONTENEGRO: Željko Loncović associates Dr Marko Pajović, dipl. ing. geol., National Institute for Geological Testing Dr Batrić Milanović Jadranka Mihaljević, dipl. ing. građ., Seismological Institute Slobodan Inić, dipl. ing. građ., Ministry of Transport Milosav Kalezić, dipl. inž. geologije, Ministry of Economy Momčilo Martinović, Red Cross of Montneegro, Dr sci med dr Dragan Laušević, epidemiolog, Public Health Institute Prim. Dr Ljiljana Žižić, spec. higijene, Public Health Institute Mr sci med Dr Zoran Vratnica, mikrobiolog, Public Health Institute Vesko Delević, ing. spec. sanitarne hemije, Public Health Institute Velizar Čađenović, Firemen Association of Montenegro TABLE OF CONTENTS I) INTRODUCTION 1 II) STRATEGY GOALS 3 III) ANALYSIS OF RISK COMPONENTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS AND TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS IN MONTENEGRO 5 III.1. NATURAL DISASTERS 6 III.1.1) Earthquakes 7 III.1.1.1. Quantification of Seismic Hazard in Montenegro 10 III.1.1.2. Seismic Impact of Artificial Accumulations 14 III.1.1.3. Seismic Risk as a Consequence of the Seismic Hazard Realisation 16 III.1.1.4. Legislation in the Field of Seismic Hazard and Risk 22 III.1.2) Other Geologic Hazards 26 III.1.2.1. Geologic Factors as Preconditions to Natural Hazards 26 III.1.2.2. Types of Geologic Hazards and Their Impact on the Environment 33 III.1.3) Extreme Meteorological Phenomena 35 III.1.3.1. Objectives of Study on Weather-Related Incidents 36 III.1.3.2. Criteria to Define Weather-Related Incidents and their Classification 37 III.1.3.3. Climate Changes 41 III.1.3.4. Hazards for Waters and Those Caused by Waters 42 III.1.3.5. Legislation and Conventions Concerning Air and Water Protection 46 III.2. TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS 48 III.2.1) Regional Scale Fires 48 III.2.1.1. Analysis and Quantification of Real Fire Threat 48 III.2.1.2. Hazards for Forest Resources in Montenegro 53 III.2.1.3. Legislation, International Agreements and Binding Conventions in the Field of Forest Protection from the Point of View of Emergencies Strategy 59 III.2.2) Damages to Oil Installations, During Transport, Explosions, Radiological and Other Accidents 61 III.2.2.1. Large-scale Accidents to Oil Installations 61 III.2.2.2. Damages during Transport, Storage and Use of Chemical, Toxic, Explosive and Radioactive Substances 63 III.2.2.3. Explosions 64 III.2.2.4. Pollution of Potable Water Sources 64 III.2.2.5. Chemical and Toxicological Accidents 65 III.2.2.6. Radiological Accidents 67 III.2.2.7. Combined Effects: Terrorism and Toxic, Radiological or Biological Effects of Large Scale 68 III.2.2.8. Other Types of Technical and Technological Damages 68 III.2.2.9. Environment Impact Assessment Due to Accidents 69 III.2.2.10. Legislation 72 III.2.3.) Large Scale Transport Accidents 75 III.2.3.1. Air Accidents 75 III.2.3.2. Maritime Accidents Risk 75 III.2.4.) Damages to Large Power Generation Plants and Hydro-technical Facilities 79 III.2.4.1. Damages to Dams 81 III.2.4.2. Legislation 83 III.3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS 85 III.3.1.) Preventive Medical Protection in Emergencies 85 III.3.1.1 Post-earthquake Period 85 III.3.1.2. Epidemics due to Floods 85 III.3.2.) Contagious Disease Epidemics 85 III.3.2.1. Plant Diseases and Pests 87 III.3.2.2. Epizooties (Animal Contagious Diseases) 90 III.3.2.3. Biological War (Bioterrorism) 97 III.3.2.4. Legislation 100 III.4. ROLE AND CAPACITIES OF EXISTING INSTITUTIONS REGARDING DEFINED HAZARDS 101 III.4.1. MINISTRY OF INTERIOR 101 III.4.2. MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PHYSICAL PLANNING 108 III.4.3. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PERSONNEL 111 III.4.4. CENTRE FOR ECO-TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH 121 III.4.5. HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE 122 III.4.6. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH 126 III.4.6. SEISMOLOGIC INSTITUTE 130 III.4.7. RED CROSS OF MONTENEGRO 131 IV. SUMMARY OF PRIMARY RISKS BY REGIONS AND MUNICIPALITIES IN MONTENEGRO 135 V. DISASTER PROTECTION STRATEGY 132 V.1. NORMATIVE PROVISIONS 134 V.2. STATE SYSTEM OF DISASTER AND ACCIDENT PROTECTION 135 V.3. HAZARD MONITORING AND EVALUATION 135 V.4. PREVENTIVE MEASURES 136 V.5. TRAINING 136 V.6. EXTENDING ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE 137 V.7. COOPERATION IN THE REGION 137 V.8. OTHER DUTIES 137 VI. MEASURES FOR STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND GUIDELINES FOR THE ACTION PLAN 145 VII. APPENDICES 146 VII.1. RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO DISASTERS IN THE BALKANS 146 VII.2. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC TERMS USED IN THE STRATEGY 154 I. INTRODUCTION In the event of a realisation of a destructive natural or technological hazard, the National Strategy for Emergencies is one of the strategic national security documents aiming to establish the attitude of the state towards emergencies and an organised action of state and other institutions for efficient response to emergencies caused by all forms of large natural disasters, technical and technological accidents and contagious disease epidemics in order to prevent their occurrence by preventive action or mitigate their consequences as well as to enhance specific institutional capacities and the whole society in case of their occurrence in future. As used here, an emergency means the state created by the action of extraordinary circumstances, suddenly caused by natural causes or human factor, thus posing an imminent danger to life and public health, property of people, or greatly endangering the environment or cultural and historic heritage at a certain area that the affected community is unable to remove using own powers and means, but their restoration calls for the assistance of the whole state, sometimes even the involvement of the international community. The number of people affected, the scope of damages and the need for assistance are the main features of disasters. Disasters abruptly and drastically disturb the social or environmental balance of the affected area, causing significant aggravation of hygienic and epidemiological situation at the affected area. Emergencies arise as a consequence of uncontrolled action of a large number of natural phenomena. At the geographical area of Montenegro, such phenomena are mostly related to earthquakes, large movements of rocky masses (land and rock slides), floods, long- lasting extreme meteorological phenomena, avalanches, regional fires and other natural disasters. Large technical and technological accidents that may result in disasters and emergencies are related to oil installation accidents, damages caused during transport and storage of chemical and toxic materials, explosive and radioactive substances, large-scale pollution of potable water sources supplying settlements, large-scale traffic accidents, mine accidents, industrial accidents caused by explosions, radiological, biological, epidemiological and other technical and technological accidents. An emergency may occur also as a consequence of large epidemics of contagious diseases (epizootics and epiphytotics – occurrences of mass diseases in people, animals and plants). Unlike the category of disasters, an incident is a sudden and imminent danger to life and public health within a certain area which the affected community is able to remove on its own – using own forces and means. Permanent existence of a considerable hazard level from several natural and technical factors in Montenegro is arguably indicated by vast centuries-long experience in these areas. Over the past several decades, within the territory of Montenegro and its immediate surroundings, the hazards whose manifestations were particularly destructive were: earthquakes and the accompanying phenomena (land and rock slides), then large- scale floods, fires and environmental pollution.