VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 (SUMMER 2010) Earthquake in Haiti Triggers Tsunami of Canadian Relief Climate Change and its Implications for the Canadian Forces The Value of Concepts in Capability Development A Letter from Korea VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 (SUMMER 2010) CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW I CNR_Summer_2010_press.indd 1 7/27/10 12:38:03 PM Our Sponsors and Supporters he Canadian Naval Review (CNR) is a “not-for-proit” the content diversity and high quality “feel” presently publication depending upon its subscription base, the found in the Review. Corporate and institutional support generosity of a small number of corporate sponsors, and a also makes it possible to put copies of CNR in the hands small sustaining grant from Dalhousie University’s Centre of Canadian political decision-makers. Without the help for Foreign Policy Studies for funding. In addition, CNR of all our supporters CNR would not be able to continue is helped in meeting its objectives through the support of the extensive outreach program established to further several professional and charitable organizations. Without public awareness of naval and maritime security issues in that corporate support CNR would not be able to maintain Canada. (www.hmcssackville-cnmt.ns.ca) (www.navyleague.ca) (www.gdcanada.com) he Canadian Nautical (www.thalesgroup.com) Research Society (www.cnrs-scrn.org) he Naval Oicers’ (www.washingtonmarinegroup.com) Association of Canada (www.noac-national.ca) To receive more information about the corporate sponsorship plan or to ind out more about supporting CNR in other ways, such as through subscription donations and bulk institutional subscriptions, please contact us at [email protected]. i CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 (SUMMER 2010) CNR_Summer_2010_press.indd 2 7/27/10 12:38:09 PM ur VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 (SUMMER 2010) Editorial Board Dr. David Black, Aldo Chircop, Lucia Fanning, Gary Garnett, Camera Combat DND Photo: Dr. Richard Gimblett, Ken Hansen, Peter T. Haydon, Dr. Rob Huebert, Dr. Danford W. Middlemiss, Rear-Admiral (Ret’d) David Morse, Colonel (Ret’d) John Orr, Dr. Denis Stairs, Michael Young Editor: Dr. Ann L. Griiths Assistant Editor: Douglas S. homas Photo Editor: LCdr Pat Jessup Photos for this Issue: Peter T. Haydon Subscriptions/Administration: Dr. Shelly Whitman and Shannon Langdon Graphic Design: Kim s2uared Incorporated Printing: Transcontinental Printing he editorial oices of the Canadian Naval Review are located at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, 6299 South Street, Henry Hicks Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H6 Phone: (902) 494-6846 he Royal Standard and Naval Centennial Flag lying from HMCS St. John’s with Her Royal Fax: (902) 494-3825 Highness embarked during the 29 June 2010 Fleet Review in Halifax. Email: [email protected] Website: www.naval.review.cfps.dal.ca he Canadian Naval Review is published quarterly by the Centre for Contents EDITORIAL: NAVIES, OCEANS AND LEGAL ENTANGLEMENTS 2 Foreign Policy Studies (CFPS) at Dalhousie University. It is a profes- ANN GRIFFITHS sional journal examining a wide range of maritime security issues from a Canadian perspective. In particular it focuses on strategic concepts, EARTHQUAKE IN HAITI TRIGGERS TSUNAMI OF CANADIAN RELIEF 4 policies, operations, history and procurement of the Canadian Navy, CAPTAIN (N) ART McDONALD plus national security in general and marine/ocean afairs. his initia- CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CANADIAN FORCES 10 tive brings together members of the Canadian defence and academic LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER RAY SNOOK communities and is a component of the CFPS’s Maritime Security Program. THE VALUE OF CONCEPTS IN CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT 17 MARK SLOAN he Canadian Naval Review has three primary objectives: “A LETTER FROM KOREA” LIEUTENANT L.A. ‘ANDY’ COLLIER, RCN 22 • provide a public forum for the discussion of the maritime MICHAEL WHITBY dimension of Canada’s national security; THINK BIG: BUILDING BETTER WARSHIPS UNDER A NATIONAL 25 • provide a public forum for the discussion of Canada’s naval STRATEGY and maritime policies; and JANET THORSTEINSON • provide a source for the public examination of Canadian MAKING WAVES naval and maritime history and for the development of lessons TRADITION, ‘BRANDING’ AND THE FUTURE OF THE CANADIAN NAVY 27 learned. DR. IAN HOLLOWAY he material included in the review is presented for the professional and LITTORAL AND RIVERINE OPERATIONS 29 general education of the readers. Articles, commentaries and opinion WAYNE P. HUGHES pieces are invited from the widest possible spectrum for the purpose TAKING THE NAVY OUT OF (N) 31 of informing, stimulating debate and generally challenging readers. he LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER GENE C. FEDDERLY opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily relect the opinions PIRATES: CHILD SOLDIERS, THE CANADIAN NAVY AND 32 of the Editors, Editorial Board, the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, the INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY Department of National Defence, or the Canadian Navy. DR. SHELLY WHITMAN COMMENTS ON THE SPRING ISSUE OF CNR 33 Articles, opinion pieces, book reviews and letters may be submitted via PLAIN TALK: A QUESTIONABLE STRATEGY 34 email or mailed (with an electronic copy) to the address given above. SHARON HOBSON Send to the attention of the Editor, Dr. Ann Griiths. Articles are to be in Word or WordPerfect format and no longer than 3,000 words. THE VIEW FROM THE WEST: ‘GREEN’ SHIP TECHNOLOGIES 37 Articles must not have been published elsewhere. Citations should be BRETT WITTHOEFT kept to a minimum and articles must be accompanied by a 100-120 word WARSHIP DEVELOPMENTS: TRAINING SHIPS: VIRTUAL OR ACTUAL? 38 abstract. Opinion pieces are to be 1,000-1,500 words. Authors of articles DOUG THOMAS and opinion pieces which are published will be paid a small honorarium. Book reviews are to be 500-750 words. Photos may be submitted with BOOK REVIEWS 40 articles or commentaries but they must be at least 300 dpi, at an equiva- COMRADES IN CHILI 44 lent size to 5 by 7 inches, and internet images cannot be used. Intellec- JACQUI GOOD tual copyright will remain the property of the author, however, the right CANADIAN NAVY COMMEMORATES THE HEROIC SACRIFICE 45 to re-publish articles initially published in the Canadian Naval Review OF LIEUTENANT HAMPTON GRAY remains with the Editorial Board. Articles and commentaries written in SECOND LIEUTENANT CHRISTOPHER DANIEL French are welcome and, if accepted, will be published in French. VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 (SUMMER 2010) CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW 1 Copyright © 2010. ISSN 1715-0213 Canadian Naval Review CNR_Summer_2010_press.indd 3 7/27/10 12:38:11 PM Editorial: Navies, Oceans and Legal Entanglements One of the points Vice-Admiral Dean McFadden stresses Piracy of Somalia has been a in his numerous speeches for the navy’s centenary is the concern for several years. Trad- balance that must be maintained between mare liberum ing states agree that disruption of (the notion that the oceans are free for all to use) and mare trade is a problem for everyone. clausum (the notion that the oceans can come under state hus, European Union states, Internet Photo: control). Another point Admiral McFadden has been Canada, the United States, making is about the type of maritime force Canada needs. Russia, India, China, and others, As he said in testimony to a Senate committee in May have contributed naval forces to 2010, what Canada needs is a “sea-control navy.” hese ensure shipping is not disrupted notions incorporate an evolving mix of international and as it passes through this area. A domestic laws. he growing body of law relating to ocean number of pirate attacks have activity may make life more complicated for navies as they been interrupted, pirates have Hugo Grotius, one of the founders of international law, portrait by Michiel are asked to balance freedom of the oceans with attempts been apprehended and probably Jansz van Mierevelt, 1631. at state control. attacks have been deterred. he irst trials of pirates are concluding – ive pirates tried in When we think about law and the oceans, we think of Rotterdam for a failed hijack attempt were sentenced to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ive years’ imprisonment each in June 2010. (UNCLOS). It establishes rights and responsibilities of states relating, among other things, to continental shelf Piracy has fallen into the category of universal jurisdic- jurisdiction, exclusive economic zones, resources, naviga- tion for centuries but the response to it has been nowhere tion standards, archipelagic islands, rights of transit, deep near universal. Diferent states have markedly diferent sea mining, protection of the marine environment, dispute policy with regard to level of force and what to do with settlement and scientiic research. But do the incidents apprehended pirates. his is about policy but there are that have happened recently on the oceans incorporate also questions of law. If pirates are killed by Western facets of law not included in UNCLOS? forces, could they be charged in international courts? What happens if pirates are killed by private security here have been some interesting events over the past six forces? If pirates are apprehended, where will they be months relating to navies and/or oceans. In particular: tried, and under what laws? What happens if Canadian • piracy and hijackings in the Gulf of Aden and o sailors transfer pirates to regional authorities and they Somalia/the Horn of Africa; subsequently get tortured? What happens if apprehended • smuggling of goods and people; pirates are under the age of 18 years, and thus are by • Canadian disaster relief activity in Haiti, the deinition children? What happens if a hijacked ship runs vanguard of which was the Canadian Navy; aground when Canadian ships are pursuing it and causes • the sinking of the South Korean warship in March an environmental disaster? hese questions may become 2010 (allegedly) by North Korea; increasingly germane, and they all involve slightly difer- • the oil spill o the Gulf coast of the United States; ent aspects of domestic and international law.