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Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Chilton, Earl Wallace All Rights Reserved MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED MACROPHYTES IN LAKE ONALASKA: EFFECTS OF PLANT TYPE, PREDATION, AND SELECTIVE FEEDING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Earl Wallace Chilton, B.S., M.S. *** The Ohio State University 1986 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. F. J. Margraf Dr. R. A. Stein Dr. C. A. Triplehorn Ad^sor Department of Zoology to Kathryn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Professor F. J. Margraf, for all of his help through the latter part of my graduate career. I appreciate both his honest advise, and his help in the field. I also want to thank Professor R. A. Stein, Professor C. A. Triplehorn, and Professor D. A. Stansbery for their critical comments , help on my committee, and particularly for the speed with which they reviewed early drafts of my paper. Many fine technicians including Vicki Cole, Kurt Drottar, Laura Lee Clark, Pat Wagner, Tom Rice, Kevin Callan, Valerie Simich, and Paul Andreas, also deserve my sincere thanks. Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through the National Fishery Research Laboratory, LaCrosse, Wisconsin. The people at the lab provided not only the money, but a healthy working atmosphere. My special thanks to the Director of the lab, Dr. Fred P. Meyer, for all of his help. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support of my parents, Mary and Earl, my wife, Kathryn (who spent many hours with me in the lab), and my Lord Jesus. VITA June 5, 1957 Born - Columbus, Ohio June, 1979 B. S., Union College, Schenectady, New York August, 1982 M. S., Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio Publications Chilton, E.W., R.L. Lowe and K.M. Schurr. (In Press) Invertebrate communities associated with Cladophora qlomerata and Banqia atropurpurea in western Lake Erie. Journal of Great Lakes Research. Presented Papers Chilton, E.W. 1983. A study of invertebrates associated with Banqia atropurpurea and Cladophora qlomerata in the western basin of Lake Erie. Annual meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science. April 1983. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................... iii VITA.......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIG U R ES.......................................................................................... ix GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................... I STUDY A R E A ....................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER I: DESCRIPTION OF INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH VALLISNER1A AMERICANA, MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM, AND CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Introduction .......................................................................................... 12 Materials and M ethods ................................................................... 16 R e s u lts .................................................................................................. 21 D iscussion ............................................................................................. 63 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 75 CHAPTER 2: EFFECTS OF VERTEBRATE PREDATION ON THE VALLISNERIA-ASSOCIATED INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY Introduction .......................................................................................... 76 Materials and M ethods ................................................................... 81 v R e s u lts .................................................................................................. 86 D iscussion ................................................................................................ 114 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER 3: CHIRONOMID FEEDING BEHAVIOR Introduction ............. 121 Materials and M ethods....................................................................... 124 R e s u lts ................................................................................................ 126 D iscussion ............................................................................................ 131 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 133 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 134 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................... 136 APPENDICES A. Information used in Chapter I .............................................. 154 B. Information used in Chapter II .............................................. 164 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. ANOVA generated probabilities indicating the significance of date, site, and plant type, as well as interactions among these variables, on invertebrate abundances in Lake Onalaska in 1983. Probability values of 0.05 or lessindicate that differences among dates, sites, plants, or interactions were statistically significant. Ns indicates that differences were not significant. 2. Results of Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, indicating the magnitude and significance of date, site, and plant effects on the abundance of macrophytes-associated invertebrate taxa in Lake Onalaska in 1983. Means of log-transformed (base e) data are presented. Means with different letters indicate that statistically significant differences existed among those values (p<0.05). 3. Percentage of total abundance of major (numerically dominant) invertebrate taxonomic groups found in association with Vallis- neria americana, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Ceratophyllum demersum, during summer 1983 in Lake Onalaska. 4. Feeding habits of some important game fishes found in Lake Onalaska, based on the literature. Data are presented as percent volume of various food items found in the stomachs of these fishes. Data are from Price 1963, Seaburg 1964, Keast and Webb 1966, Voightlander and Wissing 1974, Cherry and Guthrie 1975, Keast 1978, Phillips et al. 1982, and Schaeffer and Margraf 1986. 5. T-test comparisons of invertebrate abundance (number per gram dry weight of plant) among 1984 enclosure/exclosure experiment treatments. Data are presented by date, for all major (numerically dominant) invertebrate taxa, and for total invertebrate abundance. Calculations were performed on log-transformed data ln(n+l). Con = open control treatments, Cage = cage-effect control treatments, Ex = exclosure treatments, En = enclosure treatments. 6. ANOVA performed on 1984 enclosure/exclosure experiment data in Lake Onalaska. Probability values are presented which indicate the probability that the effects of date, treatment, and the date-by- treatment interaction on invertebrate abundance was due to chance. Data are presented for all major (numerically dominant) invertebrate taxa, and for total invertebrate abundance. The test was peformed on log-transformed data ln(n+I) . Values indicate the probability that differences in invertebrate abundance among dates,