WT-1359 (EX) OPERATION REDWING Report of the Commander Task Group 7.1 May-July 1956 NOTICE 1 This is an extract of WT-1359, Operation REDWING, Task Group 7.1, which remains classified SECRET/RESTRICTED i? DATWCNWDI as of this date. 9 Extract version prepared for: Director DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY Washington, D.C. 20305 1 October 1979 HRE-0808 FOREWORD This report has had classified material removed in order to make the information available on an unclassified, open publication basis, to any interested parties. This effort to declassify this report has been accomplished specifically to support the Department of Defense Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) Program. The objective is to facilitate studies of the low levels of radiation received by some individuals during the atmospheric nuclear test program by making as much information as possible available to all interested parties. The material which has been deleted is all currently classified as Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, (as amended) or is National Security Information. This report has been reproduced direct~ly from available copies of the original material. The locations from which material has been deleted is generally obvious by the spacings and "holes" in the text. Thus the context of the material deleted identified to assist the reader in the determination of whether the deleted information is germane to his study. It is the belief of the individuals who have participated in preparing this report by deleting the classified material and of the Defense Nuclear Agency that the report accurately portrays the contents of the original and that the deleted material is of little or no significance to studies into the amounts or types of radiation received by any individuals during the atmospheric nuclear test program. t. t ACKKOWLEDGMENTS The basic planning for the activities of Task Group 7.1 in Operation Redwing was done under the direction of William E. Ogle, Deputy Command- er for Scientific Matters, Joint Task Force Seven, who until January of 1956 was Task Group Commander, and it is to him that credit should be given for the concept and major policy determinations. This report is a description of the way in which his plans were carried out. Like the Operation itself, this report is the work of many people. It was assembled by the Task Group staff under the directicn of Duncan Curry, Jr., Deputy for Administration, Task Group 7.1, from data provided by Pro- grams, Projects, Task Units, and Staff Sections. A list of contributing authors is given below. H. S. Allen J. G. James C. W. Batdies E. L. Jenkins R. C. Beiler G. W. Johnson Victor R. Benson H. Keller H. T Bingham A. W. Kelly Keith Boyer W. T. Kerwin D. C. Campbell Jack H. Knight R. H. Campbell W. C. Linton K. D. Coleman John W. Lipp R. B. Cruise J. Lovington Duncan Curry, Jr. E. A. Lucke M. R. Dah1 Roy Reider F. Fairbrother D. B. Shuster L. M. Gardner D. R. Smith R. H. Gattis Ralph Carlisle Smith R. Goeckermann F. K. Tallmadge H. E. Grier F. E. Thompson H. E. Hansen J. T. Tyson N. Hansen R. J. VanGemert A. C. Haussmann R . Wallstedt W. H. Hitt E. Woodward G. L. Jacks L. L. Woodward R. Jaeger L. Wouters Gaelen L. Felt Commander, TG 7.1 3-4 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 ABBREVIATIONS 11 CHAPTER 1 OBJECTNES, DEVICES, AND WEAPOXS 15 1.1 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 15 1.1.1 General Objectives 15 1.1.2 r 16 1.1.3 16 1.1.4 16 1.1.5 17 1.1.6 17 1.1.7 17 1.1.8 18 1.1.9 c 18 1.2 University7 California Radiation Laboratory 19 1.2.1 General Objectives -. 19 1.2.2 r 19 1.2.3 20 1.2.4 21 1.2.5 1 22 1.2.6 22 1.3 DepahtSii€-ot Defense 22 1.4 Sandia Corporation 25 1.4.1 Program 30, Vulnerability 25 1.4.2 Program 31, Microbarography 26 CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY OF EXPERLMENTAL PROGRUdS 27 2.1 Task Unit 3, WD Programs 27 2.1.1 Program 1, Blast and Shock 27 2.1.2 Program 2, Nuclear Radiation and Effects 29 2.1.3 Program 3, Structural Response 31 2.1.4 Program 4, Biomedical Effects 32 2.1.5 Program 5, Aircraft Structures 33 2.1.6 Program 6, Service Equipment and Techniques 34 2.1.7 Program 8, Thermal Effects 35 2.1.8 Program 9, Technical Photography 37 2.2 Task Unit 1, LASL Programs 38 2.2.1 Introduction 38 2.2.2 Program 10, Yield Measurements by Fireball Hydrodynamics 39 2.2.3 Program 11, Radiochemistry 39 2.2.4 Program 12, External Neutron Measurements 39 2.2.5 Program 13, Alpha Measurements 43 2.2.6 Program 15, Photo-Physics 43 2.2.7 Program 16, Physics, Electronics, and Reaction History 46 2.2.8 Program 18, Radiation Measurements in the Optical Region 47 2.2.9 Program 19, Nuclear Vulnerability 48 2.3 Task Unit 2, UCRL Programs 49 2.3.1 Program 21, Radiochemistry 49 2.3.2 Program 22. Reaction History 49 2.3.3 Program 23, Diagnostic Photography 54 2.4 Task Unit 4, SC Programs and Program 35 58 2.4.1 Program 30, Vulnerability 58 2.4.2 Program 31, Rlicrobarography 60 2.4.3 Progr7.m 35, Radiobiological Survey 61 CHAPTER 3 GEXERAL ACTIVITIES OF TASK GROUP 7.1 62 3.1 Mission 62 3.2 Organization and Command Relationships 63 3.3 Advisory Group 66 3.4 Planning and Training 66 3.4.1 Programs, Concepts, and Schedules 66 3.4.2 Determination of Requirements 75 3.4.3 Training md Rehearsals 80 3.5 Movement to the Forward Area and Assembly of Subordinate Llnits 81 3.5.1 Pcrsonnel 81 3.5.2 Equipment 83 3.6 Movement of Devices and Coinponents 86 3.7 On-Site Operations 88 3.7.1 General 88 3.7.2 Test Facilities 88 3.7.3 Intra-atoll Airlift 89 -6 52 93 54 95 96 97 58 5R 100 101 101 10 1 103 104 106 101 107 108 111 111 thc 111 112 114 115 116 116 117 117 117 117 118 118 118 121 122 123 123 - * In order to emphasize operational conclusions and recommendations, sec- tions wlicre they appear have been marked with an asterisk. -7- f 3.17 Safety 124 3.17.1 Preparation 124 j3.17.2 Personnel 125 j3.17.3 Operations 125 j3.17.4 Unusual Incidcnts and Special Problems 126 3.17.5 Roll-Up 128 3.17.6 Accident Summary 128 3.17.7 Special Comment 129 3.16 Disposition of Forces (Roll-Up) 129 3.1 8.1 General 129 3.182 Phase-out of Pcrsom.el 129 3.16.3 Troperty Roll-Up 132 3.16.4 Kcadquarters Roll-Up 133 *3.19 Conclusions and Recommendations 133 3.19.1 General 133 3.19.2 J-1 Section, Personnel and Administration 134 3.19.3 3-3 Section, P!ans and Operations 135 3.19.4 5-4 Section, Logistics 137 CHAPTER 4 SUATMARY OF TASK UNIT ACTIVITIES 139 4.1 Tzsk kit 1, LASL Programs 139 4 .I.1 Objectives 139 4.1.2 Techniques 139 4.1.3 Operations 139 4.1.4 Results 140 '4.1.5 Recommendations 140 4.2 Task Unit 2, UCRL Programs 140 4.2.1 Objectives 140 * .2.2 Techniques 141 4.2.3 Operations 141 4.2.4 Results 141 *4.2.5 Recornmendations 141 *4.3 Task Unit 3, DOD Programs 141 4.4 Task Unit 4, SC Programs 143 4.4.1 Mission of Task Unit 4 143 4.4.2 Operations in Forward Area 144 *4.1.3 Conclusions 144 j4.4.4 Recommendations 144 * In order to emphasize operational conclusions and recommendations, sec- tions where they appear have been marked with an asterisk. -8 . 4.5 Task Unit 5, Timing 145 4.5 .I Objectives 145 4.5.2 Proccdure 145 4.5.3 Results 147 4.6 Task Unit 6, Firing 147 4.7 Task Unit 7, RadioLogical Safety 148 i 4.7.1 Mission 146 4.7.2 Organimtion i1 149 4.7.3 Operations 150 4.7.4 Official Dosinietry 151 $4.7.5 Concl'.:sions 152 t4.7.6 Kecu!n:nendations 152 L.S ?'as!; UP;! 5, LASL Doclmentary Photography 152 4.9 Task Unit 9, UCRL Docimientary Photography 153 $4.10 Task Unit 10, LASL Assembly 154 4.11 Task Unit 11, UCRL Assembly A 158 4.12 Tas!c Unit 12, UCRL Assenibly I3 158 ILLUSTRATIONS CH.&PTEP. 3 GEXERAL ACTIVITIES OF TASK GROUP I .1 3.1 Orgadzation Chart - Task Group 7.1 64 3.2 CJTF 7 Organization for Redwing 65 3.3 Task Group 7.1 Weekly Population at the Pacific Proving Ground, Jan. 1, 1936, to Aug. 1, 1956 84 3.4 Estiniated and Actual Population During Roll-Up of 7.1 131 CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY OF TASK UNIT ACTMTIES 4.1 Organization Chart, TU-3 142 4.2 M?.p of Eniwetok Atoll 160 4.3 Map of Bikini Atoll 161 ~ * Ir, order to emphasize operational conclusions and recommendations, sec- tions where they appear have been marked with an asterisk. -9- i TABLES CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY OF EXPERLMENTAL PROGRAMS 2.1 Yield by Fireball Hydrodynamics 40 2.2 Fission Yields by Radiochemistry and Capture-to- Fission Ratios .- 41 2.3 Ex-ernal Neutron Measurements r 42 2.4 .4lpha Measurements on Fission Devices / 44 2.5 Preliminary Values for the Fission Yield and Uranium Reaction Products 50 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF TASK GROUP 7.1 3.1 Key Personnel of Task Group 7.1 67 3.2 Redwing Shot Schedule 73 3.3 Najor Items of Military Support 76 3.4 Bikini Evacuation 192 i - 10 ABBREVIATIONS AEC - Atomic Energy Cornmission AFB -Air Force Base AFCRC - Air Force Cambridge Research Center -.