View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2011 Franjo Tudjman's and Slobodan Milosevic's Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis Arian Spahiu West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Spahiu, Arian, "Franjo Tudjman's and Slobodan Milosevic's Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis" (2011). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4794. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4794 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Franjo Tudjman’s and Slobodan Milosevic’s Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis Arian Spahiu Dissertation Submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science R. Scott Crichlow, Ph.D, Chair Robert Blobaum, Ph.D Robert DiClerico, Ph.D Robert D. Duval, Ph.D Joe D. Hagan, Ph.D, Department of Political Science Morgantown, West Virginia 2011 Keywords: Operational Code Analysis, Leadership Trait Analysis, Political Psychology, Yugoslavia, Franjo Tudjman, Slobodan Milosevic Copyright 2011, Arian Spahiu ABSTRACT Franjo Tudjman’s and Slobodan Milosevic’s Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis Arian Spahiu Franjo Tudjman of Croatia and Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia played a prominent role in the Yugoslav politics and European politics during the 1990s, but the literature on them has advanced confusing interpretations of the two leaders whose political actions affected international politics. This dissertation is the first attempt at developing replicable measures of their psychological characteristics to inform our understanding of the role these two leaders played in Yugoslav and European politics. This dissertation examines the role of Tudjman’s and Milosevic’s psychological characteristics through at- a-distance analysis of their speeches, for Tudjman to the Croatian Parliament in the 1990s, and for Milosevic to different audiences. Specifically, this dissertation measures Tudjman’s and Milosevic’s operational code and five leadership traits associated with their operational code: conceptual complexity, distrust, need for power, belief in one’s ability to control events, and in-group bias. Through this analysis this dissertation clarifies the controversies in the descriptive histories written on Tudjman and Milosevic, and advance a more precise understanding of their approach to politics and foreign policy. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank my mentor and friend, Eugene R. Kole, OFM, Conv., D. Min., for his patience and guidance during the time I spent attending graduate school. This dissertation would have not been possible without his unconditional love and support. I want to also thank the members of my dissertation committee for their guidance, advice, and help in completing this research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................1 The Aim of the Dissertation .................................................................................................4 Dissertation Plan ................................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: Yugoslavia: a Literature Review of Different Perspectives of its Collapse ...12 Different Approaches to Studying the Disintegration of Yugoslavia ................................21 The Realist Perspective (International Politics) .................................................................22 Economic Perspective ........................................................................................................25 Institutional Perspective .....................................................................................................28 The Leadership Perspective ...............................................................................................33 View From the Inside (Domestic Politics Argument) .......................................................40 Summary of Chapter ..........................................................................................................43 Chapter 3: Franjo Tudjman and Slobodan Milosevic in the Context of Yugoslavia .......48 Franjo Tudjman ..................................................................................................................49 Slobodan Milosevic ...........................................................................................................56 Summary of Chapter ..........................................................................................................64 Chapter 4: Theory and Methods .......................................................................................65 Operational Code Analysis ................................................................................................69 Leadership Trait Analysis ..................................................................................................70 Data ....................................................................................................................................72 Chapter 5: An in Depth Analysis of Franjo Tudjman’s Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis .....................................................................................................................73 Who Was Franjo Tudjman? ...............................................................................................76 Nationalism ........................................................................................................................78 Leadership Style.................................................................................................................80 Attitudes Regarding Conflict and Cooperation..................................................................82 Tudjman and Milosevic .....................................................................................................86 Operational Code Analysis ................................................................................................88 Hypotheses .........................................................................................................................92 Results of Operational Code Analysis ...............................................................................93 Leadership Trait Analysis ..................................................................................................95 Conceptual Complexity .....................................................................................................95 Results of Leadership Trait Analysis .................................................................................97 Distrust ...............................................................................................................................98 In group Bias ....................................................................................................................100 Summary of Chapter ........................................................................................................102 Chapter 6: An in Depth Analysis of Slobodan Milosevic’s Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis ................................................................................................105 Who was Slobodan Milosevic? ........................................................................................109 iv World View ......................................................................................................................113 Attitudes Regarding Conflict and Cooperation................................................................117 Nationalism ......................................................................................................................118 Leadership Style...............................................................................................................120 Operational Code Analysis ..............................................................................................124 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................126 Results of Operational Code Analysis .............................................................................127 Leadership Trait Analysis ................................................................................................131 Results of Leadership Trait Analysis ...............................................................................133 Conceptual Complexity ...................................................................................................133