4/16/12 10 years of bloodshed Pompey’s son • 42 Philippi • – Antony & Octavian def. Brutus & Cassius Sextus Pompey has taken Sicily (grain supply!) • Antony stays in East • Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa aack • Octavian returns to Italy – 36 BC Naulochus: Sextus defeated – 100,000 soldiers need to be demobilized • Octavian now has 600 ships & 24 legions • Perusia 40 = the restorer – Octavian def. L. Antonius & Fulvia • Lepidus’ troops desert to Octavian • 38: triumvirate renewed – Octavian gets West; Antony gets East • 35-33 Octavian campaigns in – Lepidus gets Africa Illyricum (prep. war vs. Antony) – Antony marries O’s sister, Octavia Octavian vs. Antony Octavian won five decisive civil war campaigns: 1) Mu^na (ag. Antony) • Antony in Alexandria; falls for Cleopatra 2) Philippi (ag. Cassius and Brutus) • 33 BC: Octavian launches propaganda assault 3) Perusia (ag. Antony’s brother and wife Fulvia) – Antony = debauched, un-Roman drunkard; love-slave of Egyp^an queen, who wants to move capitol of 4) Sicily (against Sextus Pompey Rome to Alexandria! 5) Acum (ag. Antony and Cleopatra) • 31 BC: Consul Octavian declares war; defeats Antony & Cleopatra at Bale of Ac^um • 29 BC: Octavian now supreme commander of all Roman armies (just 34 years old) • Celebrates triple triumph for Illyricum, Ac^um, and Egypt & purges senate of enemies • 27 BC: Octavian announces resignaon to senate 1 4/16/12 Restoraon of the Republic? What led up to 27 BC? • Jan. 13, 27 BC: appearance of returning power • triumvir 43-33; consul 31-27; tribune since 37 to Senate & People of Rome, but actually • Change begins in 28 BC: cements power and gives it legal basis - stops using all 24 consular lictors (shares 12) • New Name: Imperator Caesar Divi Filius - takes tradi^onal oath of consul leaving office Augustus - takes census • Not dictator/king: princeps (1st among equals) - begins Temple to Apollo on the Palane (Ac^um) - produces games; gives out grain & cash; cancel debts - abolishes illegal ac^ons of triumvirate • Recent history is cancelled and the glorious Republican past re-emerges? Augustus’ take on 27 BC: normally seen as Power of the princeps end of Rep. and beg. of Principate… • New posi^on, but expressed in tradi^onal terms and as throwback to past • “In my sixth and seventh consulships, aer I had ex^nguished the civil wars, and at a ^me • 3 stages of trial & error to shape new power: when with universal consent I was in complete how to present sole ruler as first among equals in a Republic? control of affairs, I transferred the republic from my power back to the dominion of the • Stage 1: “resignaon” and “compromise” in senate and people of Rome..... Aker this ^me which Senate votes Augustus 10 year consular I excelled all in influence (auctoritas), although power in provinces requiring legions: I possessed no more official power than others – Spain, Gaul, Syria, Cilicia, Cyprus, and Egypt. who were my colleagues in the several – Governs through legates so free to be at Rome – Republican precedent exists for combined provinces magistracies.” Res Gestae 32. 1, 3 and for governing by legate 2 4/16/12 Provinces A few problems: • 27-24: consul every year • But ques^ons popping up: – Can Augustus as consul interfere in provinces of other governors (proconsuls) – In 23 BC, 40 yr-old Augustus falls extremely ill – Tension building with old nobility over Augustus’ monopoly on one consulship a year • So, on 1 July 23, surrendered consulship, and senate voted him 2 new powers instead • 23 real date of founding of Roman Empire? Stage 2 (23 BC): pillars of monarchy Stage 3: moral revival 1) Tribunicia potestas = power of tribune • Augustus in the East and Agrippa in the West - Summon senate and put mo^ons to it • Riots at Rome 22, 21, 20, 19 - Summon assembly and put bills to it • 19 Augustus returns and receives consular - Right of intercessio (veto) powers at Rome for life - Coerci7o: right to compel obedience • Mos maiorum (morality legislaon); renewal - ius auxilii: right to protect ci^zens against of religious ceremony; restoraon of temples oppression • The problem of succession 2) Imperium proconsulare maius = “greater – The solu^on: collegiality proconsular power” (renewed every 5-10 years) – Agrippa junior colleague with imperium maius 3 4/16/12 Augustus monopolizes old routes to glory • Imperium: military and civilian power • Power of tribune: persuasion • Auctoritas: moral authority, pres^ge = Princeps; just nobilis on colossal scale • Pre-emp^ve auctoritas: – Military success = imperator as first name! – Since Aug. commander in chief, any victories won are celebrated as his triumph (generals just his legates) – So public buildings now all built by or for princeps Religious authority Augustus as a god? Gemma Augustea • 42 BC son of a god; 36 BC power of tribune (sacrosanct) • Member of each of the 4 priestly colleges • Pious builder and restorer of temples • 12 BC: ponfex maximus • 2 BC pater patriae 4 .