A New Field in Mind A History of Interdisciplinarity in the Early Brain Sciences FRANK W. STAHNISCH McGill-Queen's University Press Montreal & Kingston • London • Chicago Contents Illustrations xi Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxvii 1 Introduction 3 2 The Disciplinary Makeup of Clinical and Basic Research in Imperial Germany: The Case Examples of Strasburg and Leipzig 43 3 Shortfalls of Individualized Research, the Emergence of Clinical Neurology, and the Demands of Modern Life, 1910s to 1930s: Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 70 4 War, Trauma, Regeneration: External Influences and Cultural Nervousness Considered in Neuromorphological Research 131 5 The Later Weimar Period: Political Conflicts, the Rise of Eugenic Concepts, and International Influences on Interdisciplinary Work in German Neuroscience 176 6 The Machtergreifung of the National Socialists and Its Effects on the German-Speaking Neurosciences: Marginalization - Oppression - Forced Migration 201 7 On Cultural and Professional Contexts of Theory-Change in the Neurosciences Due to the Forced Migration Wave since 1933: Germany/Austria - United States/Canada 237 X Contents 8 "They Called Me an American Monkey PsychiatristReanimating German-American Biomedical Research Relations in the Early Postwar Period 301 9 Conclusion: The Development of Interdisciplinary Work in the Neurosciences: Subject Constraints, Social Necessities, and the Development of Research Networks 331 Appendix: Graphic Representations 349 Notes 363 Bibliography 459 Index 525 Illustrations Map of German universities in 1906. xiv-xv 1.1 Reconstruction of the Schwarzpaniertrakt of the University of Vienna. 11-12 1.2 Map describing the hospital barracks and surrounding buildings of the agrarian colony ("Villa Sommerhoff"), Edinger Institute in Frankfurt am Main, 1919. 29 1.3 Otfrid Foerster's first "Neurobiological Laboratory" at the University of Breslau, as it appeared in 2008. 30 1.4 Sketch of a proposed diagram of the Montreal Neurological Institute, in 1929. 31 1.5 The Montreal Neurological Institute, with Military Annex and McGill football stadium on the left, 1945. 33 2.1 Department of Pathology at the University of Strasburg (built in 1872). 49 2.2 Architectural plan of the University of Strasburg's clinical department of neurology and psychiatry, ca 1880. 51 2.3 The main entrance area and building of the clinical department for psychiatry and neurology (inaugurated in 1882) at the University of Leipzig, as it appeared in 2005. 60 3.1 Portrait by Lovis Corinth of Ludwig Edinger, professor of mede- cine, Frankfurt am Main, 1909. 83 3.2 Depiction of semi-diagrammatic sagittal sections through different vertebrate brains. 89 3.3 Oskar and Cecile Vogt at the dissection table in their private living room in Berlin, ca 1903. 111 xii Illustrations Zur Kenntnis der 3.4 Cover page of Cecile and Oskar Vogt, patholo- gischen Veraenderungen des Striatum und des Pallidum und zur Patbophysiologie der dabei auftretenden Krankheitserscheinungen (1919). 115 3.5 Kurt Goldstein during his visit to Israel in 1958. 123 3.6 Front cover of Kurt Goldstein's Der Aufbau des Organismus (1934). 127 4.1 George Grosz, Grey Day (1921). 135 4.2 Portrait photograph of Max Bielschowsky (ca 1930). 136 4.3 The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, No. I/3 in Berlin- Buch, ca 1930. 168 4.4 Walther Spielmeyer at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Psychiatrie in Munich, ca 1926. 169 5.1 Conceptual paper by Constantin von Monakow, 1921. 178 5.2 Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche. Die Freigabe der Vernichtung leb- ensunwerten Lebens. Ibr Mass und ibre Form (1920). 191 5.3 Alan Gregg with 1953 finalists of the Society for Science and the Public (sts). 195 6.1 The previous anatomical dissection room of the Reichsuniversitaet Strassburg (shortly before its complete reconstruction in 2005). 214 6.2 Model reconstruction developed after Professor Rudolf Fleischmann's 1944 high voltage generator (1.5 million Volts). 216 6.3 The Law on the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933. 224 6.4 The professional emigre couple Ruth and Martin Silberberg in their lab, 1949. 232 7.1 Eric R. Kandel standing with Donald S. Fredrickson (1924-2002), director of the National Institutes of Health, 1978. 267 7.2 Demonstration of the continued letter exchanges between the headquarters of the Rockefeller Foundation in New York and the American Assistance Council, in 1935. 293 Friedrich 7.3 Heinrich Lewy in Alois Alzheimer's laboratory at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Psychiatrie in Munich, ca 1911. 297 8.1 Front cover of the Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 1979. 318 8.2 Lecture halls 140—142, University of Colorado Department of & Chemistry Biochemistry, as they appeared in 2012. 321 Illustrations xiii 8.3 The Harnack Guest House of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in Berlin (built in 1929). 323 8.4 Portrait photograph of Hans-Lukas Teuber (ca 1970) in his laboratory at mit in Cambridge, ma, with a periscopic physiological research device. 328.