A BRIEF CONTENTS PART 1 • GETTING STARTED 1 1. Becoming a Public Speaker 2 2. From A to Z: Overview of a Speech 8 3. Managing Speech Anxiety 14 4. Ethical Public Speaking 23 5. Listeners and Speakers 30 PART 2 • DEVELOPMENT 36 6. Analyzing the Audience 37 7. Selecting a Topic and Purpose 49 8. Developing Supporting Material 57 9. Locating Supporting Material 64 10. Doing Effective Internet Research 73 11. Citing Sources in Your Speech 83 PART 3 • ORGANIZATION 92 12. Organizing the Speech 93 13. Selecting an Organizational Pattern 103 14. Outlining the Speech 110 PART 4 • STARTING, FINISHING, AND STYLING 122 15. Developing the Introduction and Conclusion 123 16. Using Language 131 PART 5 • DELIVERY 139 17. Choosing a Method of Delivery 140 18.Controlling the Voice 144 19. Using the Body 148 PART 6 • PRESENTATION AIDS 154 20. Types of Presentation Aids 155 21. Designing Presentation Aids 161 22. A Brief Guide to Microsoft PowerPoint 164 PART 7 • TYPES OF SPEECHES 174 23. Informative Speaking 175 24. Persuasive Speaking 188 25. Speaking on Special Occasions 217 PART 8 • THE CLASSROOM AND BEYOND 230 26. Typical Classroom Presentation Formats 231 27. Science and Mathematics Courses 236 28. Technical Courses 240 29. Social Science Courses 243 30. Arts and Humanities Courses 246 31. Education Courses 248 32. Nursing and Allied Health Courses 251 33. Business Courses and Business Presentations 253 34. Presenting in Teams 258 35. Communicating in Groups 262 APPENDICES 267 A. Citation Guidelines 268 B. Question-and-Answer Sessions 282 C. Preparing for Mediated Communication 284 D. Tips for Non-Native Speakers of English 286 Glossary 290 Notes 309 Index 323 This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS PART 1 • GETTING STARTED 1 Testimony Facts and Statistics 1. BECOMING A PUBLIC SPEAKER 2 Accurate Statistics A Vital Life Skill Ethical Statistics Speech as Communication Oral References Classical Roots 9. LOCATING SUPPORT 64 2. SPEECH OVERVIEW 8 Secondary Sources Topic Selection • From Source to Speech: Citing Books Audience Analysis • From Source to Speech: Citing Speech Purpose Periodicals Thesis Statement Evaluating Sources Main Points Recording References Supporting Materials Major Speech Parts 10. INTERNET RESEARCH 73 Outline Using a Library Portal Presentation Aids Being a Critical Consumer Delivery Information, Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation 3. SPEECH ANXIETY 14 Internet Search Tools Causes of Anxiety • From Source to Speech: Evaluating Onset of Anxiety Web Sites Boosting Confidence Commercial Factors Relaxation Techniques • From Source to Speech: Citing Web Using Movement Sites Learning from Feedback Smart Searches 4. ETHICS 23 Recording Sources Audience Trust 11. CITING SOURCES 83 Audience Values Conveying Source Information Free Speech and Responsibility • From Source to Speech: Positive Public Discourse Demonstrating Source Credibility Ethical Ground Rules Sample Oral Citations Avoiding Offensive Speech Citing Facts and Statistics Avoiding Plagiarism Citing Summaries and Paraphrases Fair Use, Copyright, and Ethics Avoiding Internet Plagiarism PART 3 • ORGANIZATION 92 5. LISTENING 30 12. ORGANIZING THE SPEECH 93 Selective Listening Main Points Responsible Listening Supporting Points Exchanging Ideas Organization Listening Obstacles Transitions Active Listening • From Point to Point: Using Evaluating Evidence Transitions Feedback 13. ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS 103 PART 2 • DEVELOPMENT 36 Chronological Spatial 6. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 37 Causal (Cause-Effect) Psychology Problem-Solution Demographics Topical Cultural Differences Narrative Seeking Information Circular Setting and Context 14. OUTLINING THE SPEECH 110 7. TOPIC AND PURPOSE 49 Create Two Outlines Where to Begin Outline Formats Consider the Audience Working Outlines Avoid Overused Topics Speaking Outlines General Purpose Practicing Narrowed Topic Specific Purpose PART 4 • STARTING, FINISHING, Thesis Statement AND STYLING 122 • From Source to Speech: Narrowing 15. INTRODUCTIONS AND Your Topic Online CONCLUSIONS 123 8. DEVELOPING SUPPORT 57 16.LANGUAGE 131 Examples Writing for the Ear Stories Concrete Words, Vivid Imagery Building Credibility The Importance of Community Creating an Impression Engagement and Volunteerism, Stephanie Poplin PART 5 • DELIVERY 139 25. SPECIAL OCCASION 217 17. METHODS OF DELIVERY 140 Speeches of Introduction 18.THE VOICE 144 Speeches of Acceptance Speeches of Presentation Volume Roasts and Toasts Intonation Eulogies and Other Tributes Rate After-Dinner Speeches Pauses Speeches of Inspiration Vocal Variety Sample Special Occasion Speeches Pronounciation and Articulation Best Man Wedding Toast, Ben Dialect Platt 19. THE BODY 148 2004 University of Pennsylvania Body Language Commencement Address, Bono Practicing Delivery PART 6 • PRESENTATION AIDS 154 PART 8 • THE CLASSROOM AND BEYOND 230 20. TYPES OF PRESENTATION AIDS 155 26. TYPICAL CLASSROOM Appropriate Aids FORMATS 231 Displaying Aids Review of Academic Articles Rehearsing Team Presentations Debates 21. DESIGNING PRESENTATION Poster Sessions AIDS 161 Preparing for Different Audiences Simplicity Consistency 27. SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS Typefaces and Fonts COURSES 236 Color 28. TECHNICAL COURSES 240 Interpretations of Color 29. SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSES 243 22. GUIDE TO POWERPOINT 164 A Speech, Not a Slide Show 30. ARTS AND HUMANITIES Develop Effective Slides COURSES 246 Avoid Technical Glitches Using PowerPoint 31. EDUCATION COURSES 248 32. NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH PART 7 • TYPES OF SPEECHES 174 COURSES 251 23. INFORMATIVE 175 33. BUSINESS COURSES 253 Fostering Audience Involvement Informative Topic Areas 34. PRESENTING IN TEAMS 258 Presenting Information 35. COMMUNICATING IN GROUPS 262 Reducing Confusion Arranging Main Points Sample Informative Speech John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer, David Kruckenberg APPENDICES 267 24. PERSUASIVE 188 A. Citation Guidelines: Chicago, Motivation APA, MLA, CSE, IEEE 268 Reason and Emotion B. Question-and-Answer Sessions 282 Credibility C. Preparing for Mediated Listener Needs Communication 284 Mental Engagement D. Tips for Non-Native Speakers Arguments of English 286 Culture Organization Sample Persuasive Speeches Glossary 290 Emergency in the Emergency Room, Notes 309 Lisa Roth Index 323 A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking THIRD EDITION Getting Started I Development I Organization I Starting, Finishing, and Styling I Delivery I Presentation Aids I Types of Speeches I The Classroom and Beyond I Citation Guidelines Dan O’Hair University of Oklahoma Hannah Rubenstein Rob Stewart Texas Tech University Bedford/St. Martin’s Boston N New York For Bedford/St. Martin’s Executive Editor for Communication: Erika Gutierrez Executive Developmental Editor: Simon Glick Developmental Editor: Lai T. Moy Editorial Assistant: Mae Klinger Production Editor: Bill Imbornoni Production Supervisor: Andrew Ensor Marketing Manager: Adrienne Petsick Art Director: Lucy Krikorian Text Design: Claire Seng-Niemoeller Copy Editor: Hilly van Loon Indexer: Leoni Z. McVey Cover Design: Donna L. Dennison Composition: Macmillan Publishing Solutions Printing and Binding: Quebecor World Eusey Press President: Joan E. Feinberg Editorial Director: Denise B. Wydra Director of Development: Erica T. Appel Director of Marketing: Karen R. Soeltz Director of Editing, Design, and Production: Marcia Cohen Assistant Director of Editing, Design, and Production:Elise S. Kaiser Managing Editor: Shuli Traub Library of Congress Control Number: 2009933859 Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin’s All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or oth- erwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. 4 3 2 1 0 9 f e d c b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN-10: 0-312-55404-4 ISBN-13: 978-0-312-55404-0 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on page 322, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page. How to Use This Book A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking, Third Edition, is designed to provide quick, clear answers to your questions about public speaking — whether you’re in a public speaking class, in a course in your major, on the job, or in your community. Here, you will find the tools you need to prepare and deliver a wide range of speeches and presentations. In Parts 1 through 6 you will find chapters covering all the steps necessary to create a speech — from planning, research, and development to organization, practice, and delivery.Chap- ters beginning in Part 7 contain guidelines for creating three of the most commonly assigned speeches in public speaking classes: informative, persuasive,and special occasion. For specific guidelines on speaking in other college classes, in small groups, and on the job, see Part 8. Finding What You Need TABLES OF CONTENTS. Browsing through the brief table of contents inside the front cover will usually guide you to the information you need. If not, consult the more detailed table of contents included inside the back cover. INDEX. If you can’t locate what you need in either set of contents, consult the index at the back of the book, begin- ning on page 323. This can be especially useful if you’re look- ing for something specific and you know the word for it. For example, if you need to prepare a sales