CONTENTS NOTATION .............................................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Overview of the Emergency Response Guidebook ................................................... 3 1.2 Organization of thIS Report ....................................................................................... 5 2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 7 2.1 TIH List ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Changes in the TIH List for the ERG2016 .................................................... 9 2.2 Shipment and Release Scenarios ............................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Shipment Profiles ........................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Treatment of Chemical Agents ...................................................................... 12 2.3 Generics, Mixtures, and Solutions ............................................................................. 15 2.4 Analysis of Water-Reactive Materials ....................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Background .................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Identification and Evaluation of Candidates .................................................. 25 2.4.3 Experimental Program ................................................................................... 26 2.4.4 Additional Selection Criteria ......................................................................... 26 2.4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................ 28 2.5 Determination of Initial Isolation Distances .............................................................. 28 3 STATISTICAL ACCIDENT SCENARIO ANALYSIS AND CASRAM ......................... 31 3.1 Statistical Scenario Analysis ...................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Overview of Analysis Steps ........................................................................... 32 3.1.2 HMIS Database .............................................................................................. 33 3.1.3 Geographic Incident Distributions ................................................................. 33 3.1.4 Temporal Incident Distributions .................................................................... 34 3.1.5 Discharge Fraction Distributions ................................................................... 37 3.1.5.1 Bulk Containers .............................................................................. 37 3.1.5.2 Package Freight Containers ............................................................ 40 3.2 Meteorological Database Used to Prepare the Guidebook ........................................ 45 3.2.1 Meteorological and Site Data......................................................................... 45 3.2.2 Meteorological Preprocessor ......................................................................... 45 3.2.2.1 Surface Turbulence Parameters ...................................................... 46 3.2.2.2 Inversion Height and Boundary Layer Height................................ 48 3.2.3 Water Temperature for TIHWR Reaction Rates ........................................... 49 iii CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.3 Emission Rate Characterization ................................................................................. 50 3.3.1 Overview of Release Types ........................................................................... 50 3.3.2 CASRAM Emission Model and Its Application to the ERG2016 Analysis .......................................................................................... 52 3.3.2.1 Assumptions Used to Develop Accident Scenarios........................ 52 3.3.2.2 Physical Considerations .................................................................. 54 3.3.2.3 Water-Reactive Materials ............................................................... 58 3.4 Analysis of Atmospheric Dispersion ......................................................................... 60 3.4.1 Overview of Atmospheric Dispersion ........................................................... 61 3.4.1.1 Diurnal Aspects of Plume Dispersion ............................................ 61 3.4.1.2 Effects of Dense Gas on Plume Dispersion .................................... 63 3.4.2 CASRAM Dispersion Model ......................................................................... 65 3.4.2.1 Passive Dispersion .......................................................................... 65 3.4.2.2 Dense Gas Dispersion ..................................................................... 70 3.5 Chemical Reactivity Effects ...................................................................................... 73 3.5.1 Deposition Velocities ..................................................................................... 73 3.5.2 Experiment Details......................................................................................... 75 3.5.2.1 Vegetation Samples ........................................................................ 75 3.5.2.2 Sources and Preparation of the Soil Samples ................................. 77 3.5.2.3 The TIH Gases ................................................................................ 77 3.5.2.4 The Fumigation Chamber and Sampling Loop .............................. 77 3.5.2.5 Experimental Procedure.................................................................. 78 3.5.2.6 Determination of the Deposition Velocities ................................... 79 3.5.3 Derived Canopy Resistances.......................................................................... 81 3.5.4 Application in the CASRAM Dispersion Model ........................................... 82 4 HEALTH CRITERIA ......................................................................................................... 85 4.1 Review of Health Criteria Development for the ERG Analysis ................................ 85 4.1.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ................................................................. 85 4.1.2 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines ................................................... 87 4.1.3 Comparisons of AEGLs, ERPGs, and other Health Criteria ......................... 88 4.1.3.1 IDLH Values ................................................................................... 88 4.1.3.2 LOC Values .................................................................................... 88 4.1.3.3 TEEL Values .................................................................................. 89 4.2 Procedure Used to Select Health Criteria for the ERG .............................................. 90 4.2.1 Use of AEGL and ERPG Data ....................................................................... 90 4.2.2 Use of Acute Inhalation Lethality Data in Animals....................................... 90 4.2.2.1 Species Considerations ................................................................... 91 4.2.2.2 Experimental Exposure Duration Considerations .......................... 92 4.2.2.3 Data Source Considerations ............................................................ 93 4.2.2.4 Adjustment Factors ......................................................................... 94 4.2.3 Use of Data for Structurally Similar Substances ........................................... 94 iv CONTENTS (Cont.) 4.3 Summary .................................................................................................................... 94 4.4 Glossary for Chapter 4 ............................................................................................... 95 5 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 97 5.1 Safe Distance Distributions and Protective Action Distances ................................... 97 5.1.1 Generation of Table 1 Protective Action Distances ....................................... 97 5.1.2 Generation of Table 3 Protective Action Distances ....................................... 103 5.2 Presentation of the Tables in the Guidebook ............................................................. 105 5.3 Additional Extensions of the ERG Analysis .............................................................. 106 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX A: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances in the 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook .................................................................. 117 APPENDIX B: Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Six Common TIH Gases Provided in Table 3 of ERG2016 ................................................ 139 APPENDIX C: Chemicals Analyzed