MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Technical report, IDE1052, February 2011 MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Master’s Thesis in Computer Systems Engineering Muhammad Ilyas & Saad Ahmed School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering Halmstad University i MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Master Thesis in Computer System Engineering School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering Halmstad University Box 823, S-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden February 2011 ii MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Description of cover page picture/figure: It is our Proposed Architecture (2-D Mesh Architecture with cluster cores directly wired connected to TNI) iii MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Preface This Master’s thesis in Computer Systems Engineering has been conducted at the School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering at Halmstad University, as part of degree program. We would like to thank Mr. Urban Bilstrup and Mr. Bertil Svensson for providing us an opportunity to work on this thesis under there supervision and guidance throughout the project. Further we would like to thank Almighty ALLAH and grateful to our parents, brothers and sisters who always supported and encouraged us during our stay and study in Sweden. Muhammad Ilyas & Saad Ahmed Halmstad University, February 2011 iv MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip v MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Abstract In this paper, analysis of efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol for resolving channel contention and minimizing collision probability through consideration of different WNoC architectures is discussed. In this analysis we study the different channel access mechanisms for WNoC in our proposed architecture. Further we also discussed some possible architectures for WNoC. vi MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................iv Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................vi 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Integrated Circuits (ICs) ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Silicon technology and System on Chip (SoC) ........................................................................................ 1 1.3 Interconnection of System on Chip ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Direct interconnection .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3.2 Busses .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.3 Network on Chip (NoC) ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.4 Wireless Network on Chip (WNoC)................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Thesis motivation and objective ........................................................................................................... 7 2 Theoretical Background ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 OSI Reference Model for Network Communication .............................................................................. 8 2.2 OSI model layers in WNoC context ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Physical Layer ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Data Link Layer ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.3 Network layer ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Medium Access Issues in WNoC Context ............................................................................................ 10 2.4 Network Topology .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.4.1 Bus Topology: ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.4.2 Ring Topology: ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.4.3 Mesh Topology: .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.4 Star Topology: ............................................................................................................................ 11 vii MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip 2.4.5 Tree Topology: ............................................................................................................................ 12 3 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Networks ....................................................................................... 13 3.1 Multiple Access Protocols ................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.1 ALOHA ............................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 CSMA .......................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3 BTMA ......................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.4 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) ................................................... 14 3.2 Slotted ALOHA .................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA) ........................................................................................................... 14 3.4 Fixed Assignment Protocols ................................................................................................................ 15 3.4.1 TDMA ......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) ........................................................................................ 15 3.4.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................ 16 3.4.4 MCCDMA .................................................................................................................................... 17 4 Architectures for WNoC ............................................................................................................................. 19 4.1 Adjacent RF nodes wired and wireless interconnection ...................................................................... 19 4.1.1 Advantages ................................................................................................................................. 20 4.1.2 Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................ 21 4.2 Fully connected RF nodes wired and wirelessly ................................................................................... 21 4.2.1 Advantages ................................................................................................................................. 23 4.2.2 Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................ 23 4.3 2-D Mesh with cluster cores wired connection to TNI through common node .................................... 23 4.3.1 Advantages ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.3.2 Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................ 25 viii MAC Protocol for Wireless Network on Chip 4.4 Proposed Architecture (2-D Mesh Architecture with cluster cores directly wired connected to TNI) ... 25 4.4.1 Advantages ................................................................................................................................. 27 4.4.2 Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................. 27 5 Proposed Architecture for WNoC ............................................................................................................... 28 5.1 Proposed Architecture (2-D Mesh Architecture with cluster cores directly wired connected to TNI)