GODZONE: 6) AUSTERICA UNLIMITED? GEOFFREY SERLE WE HAVE COME a long way in the last thirty years, Growing up in the 19305 . Loyalty to Empire was still the un­ challengeable emphasis of school and society. History was English and Imperial History, a little European; Australia (and America) were only mentioned as part of the imperial story. English was entirely English literature, of course. (And at home we read Pooh BeaT~ Peter Pan and Alice, Kipling, Rider Haggard and G. A. Henty, Chums, the Boys' Own Paper, Champion and Magnet.) The newspapers were still chock-Cull of English and European news. On Anzac Day fire-eating generals would indeed tell us that Australia became a nation at Gallipoli, but went on to dwell on the glories of the Empire of which Australia was only a subordi­ nate part and the inherent superiority of the Britisher over any other 'race'. (At the famous Presbyterian Scottish academy which I attended, the high· spot of the Anzac Day ceremony-can I be remembering oorrectly?-was the song 'For England' written in 1914-'England, Oh England, and how could I stay?). The blurred double loyally characterized the great majority of Australians: at the State schools it was laid down that the flag to be saluted on Monday mornings could be either the Australian or the Union Jack. But while many Australians, especially those of working-class or Irish origin, had developed a limited sense of Aus­ tralianness, ruling orthodoxy between the wars-partly in reaction to recognition of incipient subversive nationalism-put all the stress on Empire; there may have been more coherent and systematic indoctrina­ tion in the schools in this period than at any other time in Australian history. Certainly most of us left school with our hearts and minds DR A. G. SERLE'S article is the sixth in the current scrics of commentaries on God's Own Country. He is Reader in History at Monash University and author of The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (M.U.P., 1963). See also: 'The Retreat from Reason', by Dr Ian Turner (2/1966), 'The Need for Intransigence', by Mr Owen Webster (3/1966), 'Myth and Reality', by Mr Allan Ashbolt (4/1966), 'The Australian Intellectual', by Dr Noel McLachlan (1/1967) and 'Other Places', by Professor Bruce Miller (2/1967).-EDlTolI.. 237 centred on England and unbelievably ignorant, apart from a little geo­ graphy, of the country in which we expected to spend our lives. 1940 and the Battle of Britain and 'There'll Always Be An England' was the highly, emotional end of an Australian age. In December 1941, after a century and a half of protective coddling, we found ourselves out in the hard world, having to stand up for ourselves and think for ourselves. In innumerable ways the war cultivated our puny sense of national identity. A latent sense of tradition wells up in wartime: tradi­ tional military prowess was confirmed, we even managed to build tanks and aircraft. In the dark days of early 1942 there was serious discussion of the prospects of survival if we had to take to the mountains as guerillas; our hearts wanned even to corny old 'Advance Australia Fair' booming over the New Guinea jungle when H.Q. Signals turned up their receivers at news time; the widespread discussions of war-aims and the brave new postwar world were largely in terms of shaping a new Aus­ tralia. Our observation of the Yanks and our assumed superiority as fighting men at least sharpened our Australian senses of difference and individuality, just as did the A.I.F.'s observation of the British in 1914-18. Yet obviously the war also strengthened the sentimental British Com­ monwealth tie; briefly, the old double loyalty became even more intense. For it was the Commonwealth which had stood alone; many of us gloried in Churchill almost as much as any Englishman. And remember those millions of food-parcels we sent to the United Kingdom after the war? The development of independent Australian attitudes and the slide away from British dominance was relatively slow in the postwar years. H. V. Evatt's 'national' and 'independent' foreign policy and the development of diplomatic relations with Asia and the United States ran somewhat ahead of popular sentiment. We did our best not to recognize our strategic dependence on the Americans; even Korea, when it came, was a U.N. show and there was little sense of the commitment to the United States we now have. The foreign policy of the Liberals in their early years of government pendulated between Britain and the United States. Despite all the talk about being 'part of Asia', there was relatively little reaction in practical terms. But the props of our association with Britain were being steadily knocked away. We knew that in the modem world Britain could do relatively little to defend us; her proportion of our trade was falling and we were beginning to draw freely on other parts of the world for ideas; though still substantial, the share of British investors in the economy was declining steadily; we were even drawing as many migrants from continental Europe as from Britain. For the moment Australian attachment to the monarchy held as firm as ever, 238 MEANJIN QUARTERLY September 1967 taking on increasing symbolic significance as the other ties slowly loosened. It had always been difficult to be naturally and unassertively and un­ self-consciously Australian. Some, like Vance and Nettie Palmer, managed it. But in the declining days of Empire between the wars the sick irrationality of cringing colonials and nationalist strutters prevailed. On the one hand automatic deference to the imported product and assumption of Australian inferiority (whether it was a pair of shoes or a bottle of wine,· a bishop or a poet), on the other the loud-mouthed ignorant parochial boosters and isolationists. The United States went through the process once-it is a necessary stage of growth of new coun­ tries-but the clash was more vehement in Australia, perhaps because of our peculiar conservative-Protestant-middle-class-imperialist versus radi­ cal-nationalist-working-class-Catholic political division. So in the 1930s we had the sad reaction of P. R. Stephensen and his Australia First movement and the Jindyworobaks; on the other hand, the sheer uncon­ cern and covert contempt of most cultivated Australians for the Austra­ lian writer and a built-in prejudice which prevented realistic asse~sment of the Australian situation in the world. The universities, which were so much a part of the Protestant imperialist establishment, have much to answer for in their long neglect of the Australian field of scholarship­ though not men like W. Macmahon Ball who in the 1930s in the Insti­ tute of International Affairs and elsewhere fought for sanity, or R. M. Crawford and Manning Clark who in the 19405 gave Australian history its due emphasis. The universities still suffer from their senior men hav­ ing had so little education or interest in their Australian environment­ which may help to explain the apparent gutlessness and unwillingness to declare themselves of so many Australian intellectuals. But I have watched with interest the Australianization of many of my contempora­ ries now in their forties who grew up the days of Empire (though I can never quite forgive one for his automatic sneers at distinguished writers -never having read a line of them-or another for having held up the teaching of Australian history for many years at a leading university). By the mid-fifties, however, the old polarity of attitudes had almost died out. Young Australians were growing up without those chips on their shoulders; however unconscious of their destiny they may have appeared, at least they were now naturally un-self-conscious unassertive Australians. The end of Empire and increasing consciousness of the political reality of Australia's position in the world seemed to be forcing the growth of a sense of national identity. The old political alignments • The Adelaide Club is said nOI to have allowed Australian wines on iu tables until 1945. MEANJtN QUARTERLY September 1967 239 were changing; with the swing to the United States, the Labor Party tended to look to Britain as much as or more than the Liberals. Cul­ turally, with the emergence of Patrick White as a major novelist, the paintings of Drysdale, Nolan and Boyd, Ray Lawler's Summer of the Seventeenth DoU and the development of the Elizabethan Theatre Trust, there seemed to be great progress. Indeed, in the last fifteen years there has been a remarkable development of a sense of history and tradition. Witness the study of Australian history (though few scholars have emerged yet into the twentieth century), the academic respectability of Australian literature, the foundation of National Trusts and scores of local historical societies, the demand of innumerable shire towns for a folk-museum, the folk-music movement, and the development of a. large reading-public for Australiana of every conceivable kind. We even seem largely to have lost our appalling sensitivity to the comm~:lts of foreigners on our shortcomings. BUT ALL THIS is peripheral. For a time in the 1950s it looked as though with great good fortune we might broadly keep to the road marked out over the previous century and continue to move to independent nation­ hood, gradually emancipating ourselves from British influence hut main­ taining a dose sentimental relationship still, developing an independent foreign policy, and keeping control of a major part of the economy in Australian hands. That is all done for now.