International Institute for Tel: +43 2236-807-536 Applied Systems Analysis Fax: +43 2236-807-503 Schlossplatz 1 E-mail: [email protected] A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Web: www.iiasa.ac.at Finance and Sponsored Research CESDEG: Education for all Global Monitoring Report (EFA-GMR) Final Report Literature Review Submitted to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) IIASA Contract No. 15-148 August 2016 This paper reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and has received only limited review. Views or opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent those of the Institute its National Member Organizations or other organizations sponsoring the work. 2016 Education as a Driver of Sustainable Change Education & the Sustainable Development Goals Authors: Bilal Barakat & Stephanie Bengtsson Part 3: Raya Muttarak Part 4: Endale Birhanu Kebede INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (IIASA) | Vienna, Austria TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Rationale ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Conceptual Framework & the 5 Ps of Sustainable Development ....................................................... 6 Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 7 SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Part 1: Setting the Scene – An Unequal World ....................................................................................... 9 1.1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2: Concepts and measurement ...................................................................................................... 10 1.3: Education and economic inequality ........................................................................................... 13 1.4: Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 16 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Part 2: People ........................................................................................................................................ 20 2.1: Maximising Health and Wellbeing ............................................................................................. 20 2.1.1: Health, nutrition, and wellbeing ......................................................................................... 20 2.1.2: Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) ............................................................................. 29 2.2: Disadvantage and Empowerment .............................................................................................. 31 2.2.1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.2.2: Poverty ................................................................................................................................ 31 2.2.3: Gender equity and empowerment ..................................................................................... 33 2.2.4: Disability .............................................................................................................................. 35 2.2.5: Race, ethnicity & culture ..................................................................................................... 36 2.2.6: Forced displacement/migration ......................................................................................... 37 2.2.7: Double disadvantage and intersectionality ........................................................................ 38 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Part 3: Planet ......................................................................................................................................... 47 3.1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 47 3.2: Mechanisms through which education reduces vulnerability and enhances sustainable lifestyle and consumption ................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.1: To what extent does education help reduce vulnerability to climate change? ................. 49 3.2.2: What types of education hold the most promise for building resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change related risks and coping strategies?.................................................. 52 1 3.2.3: What types of education interventions have been shown to encourage more sustainable consumption, lifestyle and production practices? ........................................................................ 53 3.3: Education and energy ................................................................................................................ 58 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 63 Part 4: Prosperity .................................................................................................................................. 75 4.1: Inclusive economic growth ........................................................................................................ 75 4.2: Structural transformation, productivity and education ............................................................ 75 4.3: Education and the labour market .............................................................................................. 77 4.3.1: The service sector – trends, main drivers, and future skill- and job demands ................... 77 4.3.2: Future skill gaps and demands in the labour market ......................................................... 79 4.3.3: Labour market polarization................................................................................................. 80 4.4: The informal sector, education, and skills development ........................................................... 80 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Part 5: Peace ......................................................................................................................................... 88 5.1: Inequality, insecurity, conflict and education ............................................................................ 88 5.2: Education and peacebuilding ..................................................................................................... 90 5.2.1: Education planning and policies for peace ......................................................................... 91 5.2.2: Curriculum reform and education for peace ...................................................................... 91 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 93 Part 6: Partnership ................................................................................................................................ 95 6.1: Global commitments to education ............................................................................................ 95 6.2: The will and capacity of governments to follow through on global commitments to education .......................................................................................................................................................... 98 6.2.1. Governance ......................................................................................................................... 98 6.2.2: Political will, capacity, and fragility ................................................................................... 100 6.2.3: Whose responsibility? ....................................................................................................... 104 SOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 107 Part 7: Spatial Dimensions of Education and the Sustainable Development Agenda ........................ 111 7.1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 111 7.2: Urban-rural educational inequality .......................................................................................... 112 7.3: Constraints to equitable rural education