������������������ International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University ���� Master’s Thesis 治 政 大 立 �������������㈻ �������������國 : ��������� • The• Diplomatic Relations between N a y the Holy See and the Republic of China from t 1942 to 2012: t i i s History,o Challenges, and Perspectivesr n e a i v l C n hengchi U Student : Landry Védrenne Advisor : Chou-sengTou, Ph.D. ���� 101 � 06 � June 2012 btcajg ������������� �������������: ��������� The diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Republic of China from 1942 to 2012: History, challenges and perspectives ���:��� Student : Landry Védrenne 治 ����:�����政 Advisor : 大Chou-sengTou, Ph.D. 立 ㈻ 國 ������ • • ������������ N a y t t ���� i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U A Thesis Submitted to International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies National Chengchi University In partial fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of Master in China Studies ���� 101 � 06 � June 2012 btcajg À mon père bien aimé, 治 政 大 立 ㈻ 國 • • N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U btcajg i Through its presence in the international community the Holy See seeks to defend the very structure of human rights, including the fundamental right to religious freedom, to foster an ever greater awareness of the moral and ethical obligations of political, social and economic power, and to remind the international 政 治 community of the needs and sufferings of the weak大 and unprotected. 立 ㈻ 國 Blessed Pope John Paul II, 25 March 1995. • • N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U btcajg ii Acknowledgments I thank God for the gift of life and for his ineffable Love. He gives me so many blessings and it is with a heart filled with gratitude that I contemplate Him. I am deeply grateful to my thesiss director, Dr. Chou-seng Tou, whose patience, advice and guidance from the initial to the final stage enabled me to complete this thesis. Indeed, I learned a lot from Dr. Tou who is a self-driven and devoted professor. I also would like to thank his wife, Dr. Maria Chiu, who has been 政 治 supporting me from the very first day of my arrival大 in Taiwan. She is an outstanding 立 professor and her encouragements are invaluable. I express my sincere respect and ㈻ gratitude to the final國 defense committee members: Professor David Blundell and Professor Chen Fang-chung. They provided me many concrete• and constructive • suggestions that helpedN me considerably. a y t t i io s n r I am thankful to Professora Ping-Yin Kuan, the IMAS edirector, all the professors, l i v the Staff members and my classmates.C They made myn academic journey in Taiwan hengchi U enjoyable and so inspiring. Moreover, I had the opportunity to go to Italy for an exchange program and I thank the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome (PUSC) for its remarkable formation. I sincerely thank H.E. Ambassador Larry Yu-yuan Wang who welcomed me so many times at the R.O.C Embassy to the Holy See in Rome and explained me so well the challenges of Sino-Vatican relations. He shared with me his precious time to answer my multitude of questions and provided me with useful research material. He is an exceptional person and I will always remember his kindness toward me. btcajg iii I owe many thanks to the MEP Fathers and especially to my confreres in Hualien for their brotherhood and support. I am thankful to numerous ecclesiastics and academics who encouraged me in my research and helped me to identify the main problems in the triangular relations ROC-Vatican-PRC. I acknowledge my confrere Reverend Jean Charbonnier, mep who spent hours to help me to understand the History of the Church in China. I give my thanks to Reverend Angelo Lazzaroto, pime and Reverend Wilhem Müller, svd for their advices. I thank Commendator Dr Peter Chiang, distinguished professor at Fujen Catholic University and journalist at 政 治 Radio Vatican. His guidance and help during my stay大 in Rome are priceless. 立 ㈻ In Taipei, the國 Xaverian Fathers welcomed me in their house and made me feel at home among them. I am deeply touched by their kindness• and generosity. They • are great missionariesN and such a wonderful source of inspiration for me. I express a y t them all my gratitudet but also admiration. Thank you to the Frenchi Pontifical Major io s n r Seminary and the Pontificala Institute of Foreign Missionse who offered me l i v hospitality when I was in RomeC for my research. n hengchi U Very special thanks to Dr. Alice Weidemann and Professor Thérèse Lu of the U.S. department of Education for their continuous support. I am honored to have received so much from their expertise and am so grateful for all their encouragements. Indeed, I have benefited a lot from their great knowledge and wisdom. Thank you to Mr. Paul Silagi who was so kind to edit my thesis. His friendship and patience mean a lot to me. btcajg iv Finally, I dedicate this research to my beloved family who supports me so much and always prays for me. The love of my family is my greatest reward. May God bless and protect each of them always. 治 政 大 立 ㈻ 國 • • N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U btcajg v Abstract Diplomatic relations between the Republic of China (ROC) and the Holy See were established in 1942. However, after a devastating civil war, the Chinese Communists gained control of Mainland China in 1949 and established the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. As a consequence, the Nationalist government of the ROC was forced to move from Nanking to Taipei, Taiwan. The Papal representative continued to remain at his post but the Communist government expelled him in 1951. In the following year, the Holy See decided to relocate its ApostolicNunciature to 政 治 Taipei and maintain its ties with the ROC. The tensions大 in the Strait between the two 立 Chinese governments have put the Sino-Vatican relations to several tests. Indeed, the ㈻ Vatican desires to 國normalize its relations with the PRC but is also confronted with two major issues imposed by Beijing which requests the direction• of the Catholic • Church in China Nand the end of the Holy Sees recognition of Taipei. It would strike a y t a serious blow to Taipeit if the Supreme government of the Catholici Church decides io s n r to break off diplomatic arelations. It will also create a fragilee position for Taiwan on l i v the international diplomaticC stage since the Holyn See, at present, is the only hengchi U European ally to officially recognize the ROC government. The relations of the Holy See with Taiwan are characterized by a mutually productive and cooperative partnership, especially in the promotion of human rights, culture, world peace and advocacy of religious freedom and alleviation of global poverty. This thesis aims to clarify the triangular situation between the Vatican, the ROC and the PRC and to show the challenges as well as the dilemmas the Holy See is confronted with in order to normalize its relations with China. First, this study explains the international status of the Holy See and its specific mission. Then, through a diachronic analysis, this thesis traces the evolution of Sino-Vatican relations to later on identify the btcajg vi difficulties the Holy See has to face across the Taiwan Strait. Then, it will analyze the efforts of Pope Benedict XVI to initiate a rapprochement with China and all the issues that have to be solved before negotiating any diplomatic ties. Based on this analysis, this thesis will show that the PRC and the Holy See are still at a stalemate and that the Vatican wont move its Nunciature from Taipei in the foreseeable future. Key-words: Republic of China, Holy See, Peoples Republic of China, Sino-Vatican diplomatic relations, ApostolicNunciature, religious freedom, challenges, dilemmas, stalemate. 政 治 大 立 ㈻ 國 • • N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U btcajg vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Purpose of the Research ..................................................................................... 1 1.2. Literature Review............................................................................................... 2 1.3. Theoretical Framework and Thesis治 Outline ....................................................... 9 政 大 1.4. Methodology and立 Procedure ............................................................................ 10 ㈻ 2. The International國 Status of the Holy See ..................................................... 16 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................• 16 • 2.2. The LegalN Status of the Holy See in Public International Law ........................ 17 a y 2.2.1. The Papal States and the Roman Question ..................................................t 17 t i 2.2.2. The Holy iSeeo and its International Personality ...........................................s 18 n r a e 2.3. The Holy See and lthe Founding of the Vatican Cityi v State .............................. 20 C Un 2.3.1. The Vatican City State:h ae Vassalngc Statehi ......................................................... 20 2.3.2. Sovereignty and Independence of the Holy See ........................................... 21 2.3.3. The Holy See: a Sui Generis Entity.............................................................. 23 2.4. The Mission and Interests of the Holy See ...................................................... 25 2.4.1. A Diplomacy at the Service of Peace ........................................................... 25 2.4.2. A Diplomacy at the Service of Religious Freedom ...................................... 26 2.4.3. A Diplomacy at the Service of Humankind .................................................. 27 2.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................