Posthuman Management Creating Effective Organizations in an Age of Social Robotics, Ubiquitous AI, Human Augmentation, and Virtual Worlds Second Edition Matthew E. Gladden Posthuman Management: Creating Effective Organizations in an Age of Social Robotics, Ubiquitous AI, Human Augmentation, and Virtual Worlds (Second Edition) Copyright © 2016 Matthew E. Gladden Published in the United States of America by Defragmenter Media in association with West Pole & Larkspur, imprints of Synthypnion Press LLC Synthypnion Press LLC Indianapolis, IN 46227 http://www.synthypnionpress.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the pub- lisher, apart from those fair-use purposes permitted by law. Defragmenter Media http://defragmenter.media ISBN 978-1-944373-05-4 (print edition) ISBN 978-1-944373-06-1 (ebook) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 August 2016 Chapters One, Two, and Three of this volume were originally published as Parts One (pp. 31-91), Two (pp. 93-131), and Three (pp. 133-201) of Gladden, Matthew E., Sapient Circuits and Digitalized Flesh: The Organization as Locus of Technological Posthumanization. Indianapolis: Defragmenter Media, 2016. This volume’s Intro- duction has been adapted from “The Posthumanized Organization as a Synergism of Human, Synthetic, and Hybrid Agents,” published in that same text (pp. 17-30). Chapter Five in this volume was originally published as Gladden, Matthew E., “Neural Implants as Gateways to Digital-Physical Ecosystems and Posthuman So- cioeconomic Interaction,” in Digital Ecosystems: Society in the Digital Age, edited by Łukasz Jonak, Natalia Juchniewicz, and Renata Włoch, pp. 85-98. Warsaw: Digital Economy Lab, University of Warsaw, 2016. Chapter Eight has been expanded and adapted from Gladden, Matthew E., “The Social Robot as CEO: Developing Synthetic Charismatic Leadership for Human Organizations,” in Sociable Robots and the Future of Social Relations: Proceedings of Robo-Philosophy 2014, edited by Johanna Seibt, Raul Hakli, and Marco Nørskov, pp. 329-339. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 273. Amster- dam: IOS Press, 2014. Chapter Nine is reprinted from Gladden, Matthew E., “The Diffuse Intelligent Other: An Ontology of Nonlocalizable Robots as Moral and Legal Actors,” in So- cial Robots: Boundaries, Potential, Challenges, edited by Marco Nørskov, pp. 177- 98. Farnham: Ashgate, 2016. Chapter Ten was first published as Gladden, Matthew E., “Leveraging the Cross- Cultural Capacities of Artificial Agents as Leaders of Human Virtual Teams,” in Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Management Leadership and Gov- ernance, edited by Visnja Grozdanić, pp. 428-435. Reading: Academic Confer- ences and Publishing International Limited, 2014. Chapter Eleven was originally published as Gladden, Matthew E., “A Fractal Meas- ure for Comparing the Work Effort of Human and Artificial Agents Performing Management Functions,” in Position Papers of the 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, edited by Maria Ganzha, Leszek Maciaszek, and Marcin Paprzycki, pp. 219-226. Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems vol. 3. Warsaw: Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne, 2014. Chapter Twelve was originally published as Gladden, Matthew E., “Managerial Robotics: a Model of Sociality and Autonomy for Robots Managing Human Beings and Machines,” International Journal of Contemporary Management vol. 13, no. 3 (2014): 67-76. Chapter Thirteen is a revised and expanded version of Gladden, Matthew E., “The Artificial Life-Form as Entrepreneur: Synthetic Organism-Enterprises and the Re- conceptualization of Business,” published in Proceedings of the Fourteenth Inter- national Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, edited by Hiroki Sayama, John Rieffel, Sebastian Risi, René Doursat and Hod Lipson, pp. 417-18. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2014. To all the managers, leaders, and executives with whom I have had the opportunity to work and study – who have given me an understanding and experience of organizational life at its most meaningful and worthwhile Brief Table of Contents Preface ...................................................................................................... 13 Introduction: Technologization and the Evolution of Intelligent Agency: Toward Posthuman Models of Organizational Management ............................................................................................ 17 Part I: Creating the Human-Synthetic Organization: Background and Theoretical Foundations ................................................................. 47 Chapter 1: A Typology of Posthumanism: A Framework for Differentiating Analytic, Synthetic, Theoretical, and Practical Posthumanisms .................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 2: Organizational Posthumanism ................................................... 109 Chapter 3: The Posthuman Management Matrix: Understanding the Organizational Impact of Radical Biotechnological Convergence ............... 157 Chapter 4: Organization Development and the Robotic-Cybernetic- Human Workforce: Humanistic Values for a Posthuman Future? ..............239 Part II: Human Augmentation: A Closer Look ....................................... 257 Chapter 5: Neural Implants as Gateways to Digital-Physical Ecosystems and Posthuman Socioeconomic Interaction ............................. 259 Chapter 6: The Impacts of Human Neurocybernetic Enhancement on Organizational Business Models ................................................................ 275 Chapter 7: Implantable Computers and Information Security: A Managerial Perspective .....................................................................................285 Part III: Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A Closer Look .................. 301 Chapter 8: The Social Robot as CEO: Developing Synthetic Charismatic Leadership for Human Organizations ....................................... 303 Chapter 9: The Diffuse Intelligent Other: An Ontology of Nonlocalizable Robots as Moral and Legal Actors ......................................... 345 Chapter 10: Leveraging the Cross-Cultural Capacities of Artificial Agents as Leaders of Human Virtual Teams ................................................... 371 Chapter 11: A Fractal Measure for Comparing the Work Effort of Human and Artificial Agents Performing Management Functions ............. 385 Chapter 12: Managerial Robotics: A Model of Sociality and Autonomy for Robots Managing Human Beings and Machines ................. 407 Chapter 13: Developing a Non-anthropocentric Definition of Business: A Cybernetic Model of the Synthetic Life-form as Autonomous Enterprise .................................................................................... 417 Index ......................................................................................................428 About the Author ................................................................................... 438 Detailed Table of Contents Preface ...................................................................................................... 13 Introduction: Technologization and the Evolution of Intelligent Agency: Toward Posthuman Models of Organizational Management ............................................................................................ 17 Part I: Creating the Human-Synthetic Organization: Background and Theoretical Foundations ................................................................. 47 Chapter 1: A Typology of Posthumanism: A Framework for Differentiating Analytic, Synthetic, Theoretical, and Practical Posthumanisms .................................................................................................. 49 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 50 II. Established Definitions of Posthumanism ...................................................... 52 III. A Proposed Two-dimensional Typology of Posthumanism ......................... 56 IV. Classification and Analysis of Individual Forms of Posthumanism ............ 61 V. Conclusion........................................................................................................ 102 Chapter 2: Organizational Posthumanism ................................................... 109 I. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 110 II. Definition of Organizational Posthumanism................................................. 114 III. Classification of Organizational Posthumanism as a Type of Posthumanism ....................................................................................................... 115 IV. Organizational Posthumanization as Reflected in Organizational Elements ................................................................................................................ 120 V. Technological Changes Facilitating Organizational Posthumanization ................................................................................................ 128 VI. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 143 Chapter 3: The Posthuman Management Matrix: Understanding the Organizational