Nature and Science, 2010 Bisht and Purohit, Medicinal Plants Diversity Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Diversity of Asteraceae in Uttarakhand Vinod Kumar Bisht*1 &Vineet Purohit1 1Herbal Research & Development Institute, Gopeshwar - 246 401, Uttarakhand, India. *E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: Geographically Uttarakhand represents six eco-climatic regions from 300 m asl to 7817 m asl, and abode to a variety of medicinal and aromatic plants, and their products are being used by local communities from time immemorial. Asteraceae is the largest family of medicinal and aromatic plants in Uttarakhand. The species of the family are growing from low altitude of Tarai Bhabar to the alpine. There are annual, biennial or perennial herbs, under shrubs, shrubs. This paper includes the database on various aspects of medicinal plants of the family Asteraceae in the state. The database on various aspects includes species richness, genera richness, medicinal use and altitude for the different species of the family Asteraceae. “Nature and Science. 2010;8(3):121-128]. (ISSN: 1545-0740)”. Key Words: asteraceae, diversity, medicinal and aromatic plants Introduction and tropical mountains. Some of the plants in Asteraceae are Uttarakhand lies between 28053’24” and 31027’50” medically important and are also commonly featured in N latitudes and 77034’27” and 81002’22” E longitude and medical and phytochemical journals. Many members of the covers an area of 53,483 Km2. The state is divisible into four family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers. major geological formations: Siwalik (outer) Himalaya, Uttarakhand represents the reservoir of 85 species Lesser (lower) Himalaya, Greater (main) Himalaya and of the family Asteraceae, which are being used by the local Trans Himalaya with six eco-climatic regions: Sub-tropical people from time immemorial in traditional health care (<1500 m), warm temperate (1500-2500 m), cool temperate system. They have very vast and important knowledge about (2500-3000 m), sub-alpine (3000-3500 m), alpine (3500- many plants and their uses in traditional system of medicine. 5500 m) and nival (>5500 m). Due to its rich forest cover, However, the information about this valuable resource is the state has great potential to serve as a model for scattered and even some of these resources are at the verge conservation and development of herbal plants. Medicinal of extinction. Therefore, the present work is an effort and aromatic plant species are widely distributed due to a towards the compilation and documentation of medicinal variety of climatic factors and altitudinal variations coupled plants resources of Uttarakhand. with varied ecological habitats. These plant species are basic ingredient of the ethno-botanical and traditional health care Material and Method system. Present study was carried out in the Uttarakhand Asteraceae or Compositae family is also known as state and based on extensive and intensive literature surveys, daisy family, sunflower family or thistle family. This is the carried out in different universities, institutions and largest family of the flowering plants with more than 24000 - organizations, different Ph.D. thesis, Research papers, short 30000 species and 1600 - 1700 genera (Funk et. al, 2005) communications, articles and flora providing information on worldwide and inhabit almost every environment and medicinal and aromatic plants were studied thoroughly and continent except Antarctica. In India the family is available information was recorded. Attempts were made to represented by 900 species under 167 genera. Asteraceae collect all the possible data of the region, therefore, some taxa can assume almost every life-form viz. annual, biennial recently introduced plants have also been included. The data or perennial herbs, undershrubs, shrubs, a few trees, some present in the current paper is based on the compilation of scramblers and aquatics. Some are succulent, whereas others collections made by other authors. Description of the species are spiny and some have milky sap. Many perennial species stated with correct name, author citation, synonym, habit, are adapted to survive the cold, dry winter season by vernacular name (local dialect), Hindi, Sanskrit, English underground storage organs and producing annual stems in names, uses, altitudinal range, flowering and fruiting time spring. The name Asteraceae is derived from the term Aster and subsequent author citations. Although, inclusion of means composite and refers to the characteristic vernacular, Hindi names does not look proper but has a inflorescence – have flower heads composed of many small immense value to different users. The use of plants varies flowers, called florets, and are surrounded by bracts from place to place. Many plants which have no specific use (Moreira & Munoz, 2007). The largest genera are Senecio is known are yet regarded as medicinal herb by different (1,500 species), Vernonia (1,000 species), Cousinia (600 authors. species) and Centaurea (600 species). The circumscription It is now well understood that appropriate of the genera is often problematic and some of these have knowledge about plants of a given region is essential for the been frequently divided into minor subgroups. Asteraceae proper and effective utilization of these resources. The main are cosmopolitan, but most common in the temperate regions objective of the study was to create the database on various http://www.sciencepub.net 121 [email protected]. Nature and Science, 2010 Bisht and Purohit, Medicinal Plants Diversity aspects of medicinal and aromatic plants of Asteraceae Herbal Research & Development Institute, family from Uttarakhand, so that it could provide necessary Gopeshwar, District – Chamoli – 246 401 information about the present status of medicinal and Uttarakhand, India aromatic plants of the family in the state. E-mail: [email protected] Results Mob. No. +91-94125 31804 In the present study a total of 85 species of medicinal and aromatic plants with 54 genera of Asteraceae Reference: from Uttarakhand were recorded. Among them Anaphalis, 1. Anonymous. The Useful Plants of India CSIR, New Artimissia, Chrysanthmum and Saussurea (5 spp.) are the Delhi, 1986. largest genera. Whereas others dominating genera are Aster, 2. Anonymous. Flora of India (Sharma and Balakrishnan, Scenecio and Sonchus (3 species), Echinops (2 species). eds.) 1993; Vol. 1. BSI, Howrah. Most of the plant species (76 spp.) are herbs, some are 3. Atkinson ET. The Himalayan Gazetteer (Reprint 1973) shrubs (5 spp.) and few (4 spp.) are under shrubs. These New Delhi 1882. plant species are useful in traditional and ethnomedico- 4. Babu CR. Herbaceous Flora of Dehradun CSIR, New botany to treat different ailments such as asthma, diarrhoea, Delhi 1977. dysentery, cough, cold, inflammation, arthritis, rheumatism 5. Bisht MK, Bhatt KC, & Gaur RD. Folk Medicines of etc. by local inhabitant of the state. Arakot Valley in district Uttarkashi In : Ind. Med. Pl. (ed. P. Kaushik) 1985; pp. 157-165. Conclusion 6. Champion HG, & Seth SK. A Revised Survey of Forest Proper identification of the medicinal and aromatic Types of India, Government of India Press, New Delhi plant has a vital role in the utilization of this natural wealth 1968. and conservation of biodiversity in the state. The future of 7. Clarke CB. Illustrations of Cyperaceae, London 1909. this resource in Uttarakhand is at risk as they are often 8. Duthie JF. Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the picked up from the wild, leaving little scope for their Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts 3 Vols. regeneration. Recently Rawat et al. (2001) listed 45 species Calcutta 1903-1929. (excluding Red Data Book) those need special attention for 9. Funk VA, Bayer RJ, Keeley S, Chan R, Watson L, conservation. Undoubtedly, the resource needs to be Gemeinholzer B, Schilling E, Panero JL, Baldwin BG, harnessed for economic development, but simultaneously we Garcia- Jacas N, Susanna A, & Jansen RK. Everywhere have to conserve this resource for use on a sustainable basis. but Antarctica: using a supertree to understand the In this context, it is of paramount importance that diversity and distribution of the Compositae. Biol. Skr., the herbal resource of Uttarakhand is scientifically 2005, 55: 343–374. identified, inventorised, documented and an exhaustive data 10. Gaur RD. Dynamics of Vegetation of Garhwal base be prepared. Himalaya. In: G. S. Paliwal (ed.) The Vegetational Wealth of the Himalayas. pp. 12-25. Puja Publ., Delhi Acknowledgement 1982. The authors are thankful to Director of the Herbal 11. Joshi HC, Arya SC & Samant SS. Diversity, distribution Research and Development Institute, Gopeshwar for and indigenous uses of plant species in Pindari area of facilities and Global Environment Facility (GEF), Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve II. Indian Journal of Washington, USA, for their financial support. Forestry 2001; 24(4): 514-536. 12. Kirtikar KR & Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants Vols Correspondence to: I-IV, Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun Vinod kumar Bisht 1994. Herbal Research & Development Institute, 13. Naithani BD. Flora of Chamoli. 2 Vols. BSI, Howrah Gopeshwar -246 401, Uttarakhand, India 1984-1985. Cellular Ph. +91-94124 09856 14. Naithani HB & Tiwari SC. Flowering plant of Pauri. E-mail: [email protected] Indian J. Forestry 1982; 5: 142-148. 15. Negi KS & Gaur RD. 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