MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF NAIROBI DAM By Oude Nelson Mandela W50/88386/2016 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE A Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Urban Management, University of Nairobi 2020 DECLARATION This project report is my own original work and has not been submitted for examination at any other university or institution. …………………………………………. ………………………………. Oude Nelson Mandela Date W50/88386/2016 This project report has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. ………………………………………….. ………………………....................... Prof. Owiti A. K’Akumu Date Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, University of Nairobi. …………………………………………. ………………………............. Dr. Luke Mitai Obala Date Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, University of Nairobi I DEDICATION I dedicate this study to my father Mr. James Oude and to my late mother, Mrs. Joyce Atieno Oude for their support and encouragement even amidst pain and illness during the preparation of this research report. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost my sincere gratitude goes to the almighty God for this far he has brought me and secondly to my supervisors Prof. Owiti A K’Akumu, Dr. Maurice Onyango Oyugi and Dr. Luke Mitai Obala for their invaluable insights, comments and guiding me throughout the entire period while undertaking the research project. Special thanks to the, University of Nairobi, Department Architecture and Building Science lecturers for the skills and knowledge gained. Also Grateful to my student colleagues, who displayed team spirit, support and dedication during our course work assignments to which alone, it would have been impossible. This did not only make us complete our coursework but we have established good relationship and we continue to support and encourage one another in other informal engagements. I extend my sincere gratitude to my research assistants, in particular Alex Onwong’a who helped me in data collection. I acknowledge with much appreciation the dam community and institutions for their cooperation and participation in surveys, discussions, and interviews. In particular am deeply grateful to community leaders who directed me to all the places I was required to go and who participated in this study. Finally am most grateful to my family for the unwavering support and allowing me time to read and work on my project while still encouraging me to be the best that I could ever be. Truly, I could not ask for more. III TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ I DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................... IX ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. X ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... XII CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 13 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................ 15 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 16 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................... 17 1.5 HYPOTHESIS ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.6 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 18 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 19 1.8 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN THE STUDY ............................................................................... 20 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 22 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 22 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 22 2.2 FUNCTIONS OF WETLANDS ................................................................................................. 22 2.3 THE RATE AND EXTENT OF WETLAND LOSS ........................................................................ 26 2.4 HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK ON REHABILITATION STRATEGIES OF NAIROBI DAM .................. 28 2.5 SUSTAINABLE WETLAND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 31 2.6 EVALUATION OF RESTORATION SUCCESS OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS ........................... 33 2.7 NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON WETLANDS ........................................................................... 35 2.8 EXISTING LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR CONSTRUCTED WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT IN KENYA .......................................................................... 36 2.8.1 Constitution of Kenya 2010 ...................................................................................... 37 2.8.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 ....................................... 37 2.8.3 Physical Planning Act Chapter 286 .......................................................................... 39 IV 2.8.4 The Water Act, 2016 ................................................................................................. 39 2.8.4 The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act .................................................. 40 2.8.5 Agriculture Act Chapter 318 ..................................................................................... 40 2.8.6 Dams and Sustainable restoration ............................................................................ 40 2.9 THEMATIC AREAS ON CONSTRUCTED WETLAND RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ...... 42 2.10 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND WETLAND RESTORATION ............................................... 42 2.11 ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY AND WETLAND RESTORATION .......................................... 44 2.12 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND WETLAND RESTORATION ................................ 45 2.13 CASE STUDIES ON CONSTRUCTED WETLAND RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ...... 46 2.14 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 50 2.14 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 53 2.16 KNOWLEDGE GAP .............................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 58 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 58 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 58 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................................... 58 3.2.1 Location and size ......................................................................................................... 58 3.2.2 Rainfall and climate ..................................................................................................... 60 3.2.3 Geology, soils and hydrogeology .............................................................................. 60 3.2.4 Hydrological Characteristics.................................................................................... 61 3.2.5 Biophysical environment ........................................................................................... 61 3.2.6 Population size and distribution ............................................................................... 61 3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 63 3.4 TARGET POPULATION. .......................................................................................................... 63 3.5 NATURE AND