BORDER SECURITY: INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE HUMAN ELEMENT PART I AND II HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON BORDER, MARITIME, AND GLOBAL COUNTERTERRORISM OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION FEBRUARY 13, 2007 AND MARCH 8, 2007 Serial No. 110–4 Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 35–263 PDF WASHINGTON : 2009 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:41 Nov 03, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 H:\DOCS\110-HRGS\110-4\35263.TXT HSEC PsN: DIANE Congress.#13 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi, Chairman LORETTA SANCHEZ, California, PETER T. KING, New York EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts LAMAR SMITH, Texas NORMAN D. DICKS, Washington CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut JANE HARMAN, California MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana PETER A. DEFAZIO, Oregon TOM DAVIS, Virginia NITA M. LOWEY, New York DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of MIKE ROGERS, Alabama Columbia BOBBY JINDAL, Louisiana ZOE LOFGREN, California DAVID G. REICHERT, Washington SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas DONNA M. CHRISTENSEN, U.S. Virgin CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania Islands GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida BOB ETHERIDGE, North Carolina MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida HENRY CUELLAR, Texas DAVID DAVIS, Tennessee CHRISTOPHER P. CARNEY, Pennsylvania YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York AL GREEN, Texas ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado VACANCY JESSICA HERRERA-FLANIGAN, Staff Director & General Counsel TODD GEE, Chief Counsel MICHAEL TWINCHEK, Chief Clerk ROBERT O’CONNOR, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON BORDER, MARITIME, AND GLOBAL COUNTERTERRORISM LORETTA SANCHEZ, California, Chairwoman JANE HARMAN, California MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana ZOE LOFGREN, California BOBBY JINDAL, Louisiana SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas DAVID G. REICHERT, Washington JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas HENRY CUELLAR, Texas GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida AL GREEN, Texas PETER T. KING, New York (Ex Officio) BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi (Ex Officio) ALISON ROSSO, Director DENISE KREPP, Counsel CARLA ZAMUDIO-DOLAN, Clerk MANDY BOWERS, Minority Senior Professional Staff Member (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:41 Nov 03, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 H:\DOCS\110-HRGS\110-4\35263.TXT HSEC PsN: DIANE C O N T E N T S Page STATEMENTS The Honorable Loretta Sanchez, a Representative in Congress From the State of California, and Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Border, Maritime, and Global Counterterrorism .............................................................................. 1 The Honorable Mark E. Souder, a Representative in Congress From the State of Indiana, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Border, Mari- time, and Global Counterterrorism .................................................................... 2 The Honorable Bennie G. Thompson, a Representative in Congress From the State of Mississippi, and Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 4 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 4 The Honorable Gus M. Bilirakis, a Representative in Congress From the State of Florida ..................................................................................................... 25 The Honorable Henry Cuellar, a Representative in Congress From the State of Texas ................................................................................................................. 27 The Honorable Al Green, a Representative in Congress From the State of Texas ..................................................................................................................... 29 The Honorable Jane Harman, a Representative in Congress From the State of California .......................................................................................................... 105 The Honorable Sheila Jackson Lee, a Representative in Congress From the State of Texas Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 34 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 35 The Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress From the State of California .......................................................................................................... 32 WITNESSES TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 2007 David V. Aguilar, Chief, Border Patrol, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Department of Homeland Security: Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 6 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 7 David Pekoske, Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security: Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 10 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 12 THURSDAY, MARCH 8, 2007 Dr. Jeffrey Scott McIllwain, Co-Director, Homeland Security Program, San Diego State University: Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 45 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 47 Mr. Michael O’Hanlon, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution: Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 57 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 59 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:41 Nov 03, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\DOCS\110-HRGS\110-4\35263.TXT HSEC PsN: DIANE IV Page Mr. Andrew M. Ramirez, Chairman, Friends of the Border Patrol: Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 74 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 76 Mr. Michael Wermuth, Director, RAND Homeland Security Program: Accompanied by Mr. Jack Riley: Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 88 Prepared Statment ............................................................................................... 70 VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:41 Nov 03, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\DOCS\110-HRGS\110-4\35263.TXT HSEC PsN: DIANE BORDER SECURITY: INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE HUMAN ELEMENT PART I Tuesday, February 13, 2007 U.S.HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, SUBCOMMITTEE ON BORDER, MARITIME, AND GLOBAL COUNTERTERRORISM, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:05 a.m., in Room 311, Cannon House Office Building, Hon. Loretta Sanchez [chair- man of the subcommittee] presiding. Present: Representatives Sanchez, Lofgren, Jackson Lee, Cuellar, Green, Thompson, Souder, and Bilirakis. Ms. SANCHEZ. [Presiding.] The subcommittee will come to order. The subcommittee is meeting today to receive testimony on bor- der security, infrastructure, technology and the human element. And I want to begin by thanking the witnesses, Chief Aguilar and Rear Admiral David Pekoske, who are joining us today at this important hearing on border security, infrastructure, technology and the human element. This is the first hearing in the Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism Terrorism Subcommittee, and I hope today’s dis- cussion will be the first of many useful discussions between this committee and the department. And I look forward to a very pro- ductive Congress this year. One of the top issues that this subcommittee will focus on is bor- der security. And today, we have the opportunity to explore broadly the challenges we face in securing our borders and the ways in which infrastructure, technology and personnel can be used to se- cure our country. To begin with, I am interested in discussing the diversity of the issues that we face on the northern, the southern and the coastal borders, and how Customs and Border Protection and the Coast Guard work independently and how you work jointly to get this done. In addition, I would like to learn more about the various mix of the infrastructure, the technology and the personnel resources that are used to address the different challenges at the different bor- ders, and to sort of get a best practices or some idea from you on how this works, what is working well, and what we need to do to improve, and what kind of resources you need, because I believe— and I think most of us realize now—that a one-size-fits-all doesn’t (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:41 Nov 03, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 H:\DOCS\110-HRGS\110-4\35263.TXT HSEC PsN: DIANE 2 work with respect to securing our borders, and because we have