Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas National Greening Program Assessment Project: Environmental Component - Process Evaluation Phase Tonie O. Balangue DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2016-11 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are be- ing circulated in a limited number of cop- ies only for purposes of soliciting com- ments and suggestions for further refine- ments. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. April 2016 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 18th Floor, Three Cyberpod Centris - North Tower, EDSA corner Quezon Avenue, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines Telephone Numbers: (63-2) 3721291 and 3721292; E-mail: [email protected] Or visit our website at http://www.pids.gov.ph FINAL REPORT NATIONAL GREENING PROGAM ASSESSMENT PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT – PROCESS EVALUATION PHASE DR. TONIE O. BALANGUE Study Leader SEPTEMBER 15, 2015 LOS BANOS, COLLEGE, LAGUNA Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 I. Background ................................................................................................................................... 2 II. Description of the Environmental Impact Component: Process Evaluation ...................... 3 1. Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Significance of the project ......................................................................................................... 4 III. Review of Literature ................................................................................................................... 6 1. Forest Land Use Change ............................................................................................................ 6 2. General characteristics of degraded forestland ........................................................................... 6 3. Methods of Reforestation ........................................................................................................... 8 1. Forest plantation approach .................................................................................................... 8 2. Nitrogen-fixing forest restoration approach .......................................................................... 8 3. Accelerated pioneer and climax species (APCS) planting approach ...................................... 9 4. Natural forest succession ..................................................................................................... 10 4. Reforestation in other Countries ............................................................................................... 11 1. The Malay Experience .......................................................................................................... 11 2. Thailand experience ............................................................................................................. 11 3. Indonesia experience ........................................................................................................... 12 4. Reforestation Techniques..................................................................................................... 13 5. Thinning in forest plantations in the Indonesian and Malaysian forest development projects ......................................................................................................................................... 14 5. Applicability of the reforestation methods and experiences in other countries ........................ 14 1. Reforestation method .......................................................................................................... 14 2. Implementation arrangement .............................................................................................. 15 6. Contributory factors to high survival of forest plantation ........................................................ 16 7. The Forestry Sector Project (FSP) ......................................................................................... 17 8. Some successful reforestation projects ..................................................................................... 18 9. Survival rates of some reforestation projects ........................................................................... 19 10. Environmental Impacts of reforestation projects .................................................................. 20 1. Carbon sequestration ........................................................................................................... 20 2. Reduced air pollution ........................................................................................................... 22 3. Reduced events of landslide and flooding ........................................................................... 23 4. Reduced temperature .......................................................................................................... 23 5. Soil temperature ................................................................................................................... 24 6. Soil organic carbon ............................................................................................................... 24 7. Soil organic matter ............................................................................................................... 25 IV. Research Gap and Potential Contribution of the Environmental Impact Study ....................... 25 1. Research gaps ........................................................................................................................... 25 2. Potential contribution of the study............................................................................................ 27 V. Conceptual Framework and Methodology ................................................................................... 28 1. Conceptual framework for assessment and evaluation ............................................................. 28 2. Structure of the framework in matrix format ............................................................................ 29 3. Survey, mapping and planning (SMP) ..................................................................................... 29 4. NGP beneficiary capability training ......................................................................................... 30 5. NGP Forests quality assurance ................................................................................................. 30 6. Seedling production .................................................................................................................. 30 7. Site preparation ......................................................................................................................... 31 8. Planting ..................................................................................................................................... 31 9. Protection and maintenance ...................................................................................................... 32 10. NGP impacts to environmental attributes ............................................................................. 32 1. Survival rate .......................................................................................................................... 33 2. Soil erosion/soil accretion .................................................................................................... 33 3. Temperature ......................................................................................................................... 34 4. Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus (NPK) ........................................................................ 34 5. Carbon sequestration ........................................................................................................... 35 6. Soil moisture ......................................................................................................................... 35 7. Wildlife ................................................................................................................................. 35 8. Disaster risk reduction .......................................................................................................... 36 9. Climate change adaptation and mitigation .......................................................................... 36 10. Stumpage build-up ........................................................................................................... 36 11. General impacts of NGP forests according to peoples’ perceptions in the communities ..... 37 VI. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 37 1. Sampling NGP provinces, municipalities and NGP and Non-NGP sites ................................