Produced and Published by the Caribbean Public Health Agency P.O. Box 164, 16-18 Jamaica Boulevard Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.carpha.org CARPHA (2017). A Toolkit on Integrated Vector Management for the Caribbean, pgs. 128. ISBN: 978-976-8114-32-7 © Caribbean Public Health Agency, 2017. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) is grateful to Dr Samuel Rawlins for producing this toolkit on Integrated Vector Management (IVM) for its Member States. CARPHA expresses its appreciation to all the organisations and individuals. Among these are:- • All the Vector Management practitioners in the CMS countries. • Those who helped with the production of the earlier manual: “Manual on the Integrated Vector Management in Eastern Caribbean Countries”. • The Insect Vector Control Division of Trinidad and Tobago, in collaboration with the PAHO for their “Training Manual for Insect Vector Control Operators”. • The numerous artists of vectors and VBDs (sources) whose works have been reproduced in various ways in an attempt to make this manual more easily understandable. • The WHO for their resource materials on “Integrated Vector Management, which were very helpful to this present production. • Rawlins, SC, Tikasingh, ES & Martinez, R. for use of information on “Catalogue of haematophagous arthropods in the Caribbean region.” CAREC. • Ms Nicole Joseph, for her work as a graphic designer/desktop publisher, who was of great assistance. This toolkit was produced through a consultancy funded by the US-Centers for Disease Control (US-CDC) Global Health Security Cooperative Agreement (CDC-RFA-GH15-1627). CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. A Review of the Common Mosquito Vectors of Disease in the Caribbean 7 2.1. The Range of Diversity and Number of Vector Species 8 2.2. What is a Mosquito? 8 2.3. Identification (ID) of Three common Mosquito Types 10 2.4. Mosquitoes of the Caribbean 10 2.5. Possible Change of Name of Mosquitoes of the Aedes genus 32 2.6. Surveillance Methods for Mosquito Vectors 32 Chapter 3. The Common Mosquito Vector-Borne Diseases in the Caribbean Region 40 3.0. Mosquito-Borne Diseases of the Caribbean Countries 41 3.1. How Mosquitoes and other Vectors are essential in the role of Disease Transmission 41 3.2. Arbovirus Transmission Cycle 42 3.3. Dengue Fever in Caribbean Countries 43 3.4. Climate Factors Affecting VBDs 45 3.5. Chikungunya Virus Disease 46 3.6. Zika Virus Disease 47 3.7. Malaria 49 3.8 Lymphatic Filariasis 51 3.9. West Nile Virus Infection 53 3.10. Yellow Fever 54 Chapter 4. Integrated Vector Management: Theory and Practice 56 4.1. Module 1: Introduction to IVM 57 4.2. Module 2. Basic Introduction to Vectors of Disease and IVM 61 4.3. Module 3. Planning and Implementation 63 4.4. Module 4. Organisation and Management 68 4.5. Module 5. Policy and Institutional Framework 70 4.6. Module 6. Advocacy and Communication 72 4.7. Module 7. Monitoring and Evaluation 74 Chapter 5. Tools for Vector Management in the IVM Programme 77 5.1. Introduction 78 5.2. Chemical Control Methods for Common Vectors of Disease 78 5.3. Biological Control Methods 83 5.4. Environmental Control Methods 85 5.5. Environmental Sanitation for Zika, Chik V and DF control 87 5.6. Solid Waste Management 87 5.7. Personal Protection. 89 5.8. Integrated Vector Management in VBD Emergency Situations. 89 Chapter 6. Work of the Vector Control Operator or Officer (VCO) and their Involvement in IVM 91 6.1. Introduction 92 6.2. Expectations of the role of the VCO 92 6.3. Work Schedule/Work Plan 93 6.4. Organisation of Work 94 6.5. Refusal to Permit Inspection 95 6.6. Inspection Procedures 95 6.6. Daily Worksheets 95 6.7. Mosquito Breeding Places 97 6.8. Inspecting Water Containers 98 6.9. Appropriate Technology for Vector Surveillance 99 6.10. Elimination of Mosquito Breeding Places and Conversations for Health Education with the Householder 99 6.11. Dealing with Closed and Vacant Premises/Houses 99 6.12. Collection of Samples 100 6.13. Some Calculations 103 Chapter 7. Other Selected Arthropods and Reservoirs of Public Health Importance which may be subjected to IVM 105 7.1. Biting Midges (Sand flies) (Ceratopogonidae) 106 7.2. Sand flies (Phlebotomines) 108 7.3. Black Flies (Simulium spp.) 109 7.4. Fleas 110 7.5. Lice 112 7.6. House Flies 113 7.7. Ticks and Mites 114 7.8. Cockroaches 117 7.9. Rodents 119 Conclusions 123 Glossary 124 References 127 FIGURES Figure 1. Map of CARPHA Member States 2 Figure 2. Aedes aegypti adult female 4 Figure 3. A tyre habitat for the immature of Ae aegypti and possibly another vector Culex quinquefasciatus 5 Figure 4. A Generalised Adult Ae aegypti female mosquito 9 Figure 5. A Generalised Mosquito Life Cycle 9 Figure 6. Identification of generalised Anopheles, Aedes or Culex mosquito types based on Eggs, Larval, Pupal and Adult features 11 Figure 7. Diagram of an ovitrap 35 Figure 8. Diagram of a Stratified Random Sampling Method System 38 Figure 9. Diagram of a Cluster Sampling Method System 38 Figure 10. The Three Essential Requirements of Hosts for Disease Transmission by a Vector 41 Figure 11. Arbovirus Transmission Cycle 42 Figure 12. Dengue Fever Transmission Cycle 43 Figure 13. Climate Indicators and Dengue Fever 45 Figure 14. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Incubation Periods for Chikungunya Virus 46 Figure 15. Zika Virus Fever Transmission 49 Figure 16. Malaria Transmission Cycle 50 Figure 17. Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission Cycle 52 Figure 18. West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle 53 Figure 19. Diagram of the Life Cycle of Sylvatic (Jungle) and Urban Yellow Fever 54 Figure 20. Decision Making in IVM 64 Figure 21. Processes & Outcomes in Planning for M&E in IVM 75 Figure 22. Schematic Representation of M&E for IVM 75 Figure 23. Larvivorous fish – the Guppy Mosquito Fish (Poecilia. Spp.) and Gambusia affinis 83 Figure 24. Toxorhynchites spp. 84 Figure 26. Bacillus thuringiensis 85 Figure 27. Diagram of a Water Tank protected with Polystyrene beads to prevent mosquito access to water 86 Figure 28a. Scrap metal pile (potential vector habitats) before being compacted (Anguilla) 88 Figure 28b. Compacting machinery at work 88 Figure 28c. Body of a motor car after compaction 89 Figure 29. Daily Worksheet 96 Figure 30. An example of the House Card for Vector Management Home Record 97 Figure 31. The Variety of breeding places of the Dengue, Chik V or Zika mosquito in your surroundings 98 Figure 32. Twenty pictures of potential Ae aegypti breeding habitats 102 Figure 33. Adult “Sand Fly” (Culicoides) 106 Figure 34. The biting midge (sand fly) life cycle 107 Figure 35. Plebotomine Sand fly (Lutzomia sp) 108 Figure 37. The Black Fly (Simulium spp.) 109 Figure 38. The Life Cycle of the Black Fly 110 Figure 39. The Cat Flea (Ctenocephalides felis) Adult 111 Figure 40. The Life Cycle of the Cat Flea 111 Figure 41. Human Lice spp – Body and Pubic Lice 112 Figure 42. The Life Cycle of Human Lice spp – Body and Pubic Lice 113 Figure 43. The Adult House Fly (Musca domestica) 113 Figure 44. The Life Cycle of the House Fly 114 Figure 45. Biting mites (Trombicula spp.), Scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) and House dust mite (Dermatophagoides complex) 115 Figure 46. The Life Cycle of the Biting Mite 115 Figure 47. Features of Hard and soft ticks 116 Figure 48. The Life Cycle of Hard and Soft Ticks 117 Figure 49. Three Common Cockroach Species – American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), German cockroach (Blatella germanica), Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) 118 Figure 50. Roof Rat (Rattus rattus), Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and House Mouse (Mus musculus) 120 Figure 51. Distinguishing features of the two main rat species 120 Figure 52. Field identification of a young rat and a house mouse 121 TABLES Mosquitoes of the Caribbean Table 1. Anguilla 12 Table 2. Antigua & Barbuda 12 Table 3. Bahamas 12 Table 4. Barbados 13 Table 5. Belize 13 Table 6. Bermuda 15 Table 7. Cayman Islands 15 Table 8. Dominica 16 Table 9. Grenada 17 Table 10. Guyana 17 Table 11. Hispaniola (Haiti and The Dominican Republic) 19 Table 12. Jamaica 20 Table 13. Montserrat 22 Table 14a. Nevis 23 Table 14b. St. Kitts 23 Table 15. St. Lucia 23 Table 16. St. Vincent & The Grenadines 24 Table 17. Suriname 24 Table 18a. Tobago 26 Table 18b. Trinidad 27 Table 19. Turks and Caicos Islands 31 Table 20. Virgin Islands (US & British) 31 Table 21. Aedes aegypti Surveillance Methods 33 Table 22. Fold Resistance to Temephos (Abate) in Selected Eastern Caribbean Countries 36 Table 23. Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Dengue Fever reported to CARPHA by CMSs for 2015 and 2016 44 Table 24. Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Chikungunya Virus Infection reported to CARPHA for 2015 and 2016 47 Table 25. Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Zika Virus Infection reported to CARPHA for 2015 and 2016 48 Table 26. Cases of Imported Malaria reported to CARPHA by CMSs for 2015 and 2016 51 Table 27. Cases of Autochthonous Malaria (native) reported to CARPHA for 2015 and 2016 51 Table 28. Characteristics of breeding sites for three types of common mosquito genera 62 Table 29. Recommended dilution rates for Abate (Temephos 1% sand granules) 79 Table 31. Information required on Daily Worksheets 96 Table 32. List of possible breeding places 103 Chapter 1: Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AFTER COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY INCLUDING THE GENERAL POPULATION, PH MANAGERS, INSECT VECTOR CONTROL OPERATORS (IVCOS) SHOULD: • Be aware of the significance of the challenges Insect- and other Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) present to Public Health in Caribbean member states (CMSs) • Be aware of their respective roles in preventing and controlling VBDs in our environment.