De ACADEMIC REGISTRN1 ROOM 16 tzuvEr,,snY OF LONDON SENATE HOU-.E MLNLh T ST ELT LONDON VvC 1i MU CYCLADIC SETTLEMENTS IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE AND THEIR AEGEAN CONTEXT. VAIA ECONOMIDOU PhD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 1 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS. The main aim of the thesis is the study of Cycladic settlements of the Early Bronze Age. Part of the research refers to the settlements of the Neolithic and Middle Cycladic period, in order to acquire a view of what preceded and what succeeded these settlements. The terminology to which the thesis subscribes follows the tripartite chronological system with its subperiods: EC I, EC II, ECIIIA and EC IIIB for Early Bronze Age; MC early and late for the Middle Bronze Age. These are correlated with the local cultural units (e.g. Pelos-Lakkoudes, Keros-Syros etc). Each settlement is classified according to its chronological period. The structures of each settlement, within the same period, are examined, in terms of house- types which they represent and location within the settlement area. Then the architectural features of the settlements, such as building materials, masonry types, hearths, benches, etc., are analysed as a whole. Problems, such as those of roofs and entrances are discussed. Finally, the available data are examined in relation to urbanization factors, such as fortifications, differentiation of buildings, buildings of special function, settlements density, town structure, craft specialization, interregional trade etc. Comparisons with contemporary settlements of the Aegean region help in establishing relations between these and the Cycladic settlements. They also contribute to our knowledge of the degree of urbanization the Cycladic settlements achieved. After the analysis of each period is completed the conclusions follow. The first section concerns the settlements and the problems involved. The second section refers to the Cyclades in their Aegean context and the third section deals with the development of architecture in the Cyclades in its historical framework. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE List of Figures 4 List of Tables 7 List of Plans 8 List of Plates 9 List of Abbreviations 10 Prologue 11 Acknowledgements 12 Introduction 13 Outline 21 Chapter 1: The Neolithic Background 23 Chapter 2: The Early Cycladic I Period 30 Chapter 3: The Transitional EC I to EC II Phase 42 Chapter 4: The Early Cycladic II Period 55 Chapter 5: The Early Cycladic IIIA Period 90 Chapter 6: The Early Cycladic IIIB Period 151 Chapter 7: The End of the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age in the Cyclades 185 Chapter 8: Conclusions 201 Notes 280 Gazetteer of Early Bronze Age Sites 293 Abbreviations 300 Bibliography 301 3 LIST OF FIGURES 1. General Plan of Kephala on Keos. 2. Houses Y and Z in Area L at Kephala on Keos. 3. Phylakopi "Pre-city" Wall 308. 4. Grotta on Naxos. Plan of the EC Settlement. 5. Pyrgos on Paros. Plan of the EC Settlement. 6. Pyrgos on Paros. House A-B of the Transitional EC I-II Phase 7. The EC Settlement of Panormos on Naxos. 8. Emporio on Chios. Architectural Remains in Area A. Period VIII. 9. Thermi on Lesbos. Plan of Town IIIA. 10. Plans of Houses 103 and 102 of Troy Ia-b. 11. EM I architectural remains from Phaistos, below the West Court of the MM Palace. 12. Mt. Kynthos on Delos. a. Apsidal structures cp, x, w in the NE area; b. Possible reconstruction of the apsidal structures cp, x, w. 13. Mt. Kynthos on Delos. NW area: Wall under Rooms n, p, 0. 14. Skarkos on Ios. a. The excavated Area; b. The two Building Complexes and the road. 15. Skarkos on Ios. a. The difference in thickness between the upper and lower floor in the Building Complex; b. A ground floor room with a hearth in the centre. 16. Ay. Irini on Keos. Plan of the excavated areas. 17. Ay. Irini on Keos. a.-b. Building XI; c. House E (Phase I). 18. a. Avdheli on Naxos. The L-shaped wall; b. Paroikia on Paros. The Architectural Remains on the foot of the hill. 19. Pyrgos on Paros. House C-D of the EC II period. 20. Akrotiri on Thera. a. Distribution of Early and Middle Bronze Age finds; b. Rock-cut structure in B5. 21. Manika in Euboea. Building Remains of Phase 2. 22. a. Zygouries. EH II House Y; b. Palamari on Skyros. Buildings in Sector A. 23. a. Raphina. Plan of the EH Settlement; b. Askitario. Plan of the EH Settlement. 24. Tiryns. Fundhorizonte 1-4. 25. Myrthos-Phournou Koriphi. Plan of the Settlement of the EM ha and EM lib periods. 26. Vasiliki Ierapetras. Plan of the settlement area. 27. a. Ay. Triada. -The EM ha houses; b. Knossos. The EM ha House. 28. Debla. The Buildings of the EM ha period. 29. Emporio on Chios. Architectural Remain in Area A, Period IV. 30. Troy Diagrammatic Plan of Walls of Phase I. 31. Thermi on Lesbos. Plan of Town IIIB-IV. 32. Fortifications of Middle and Late Troy I. 33. Christiana. a. Plan of the well-like structure; b. The well-like structure, view from NW. 34. Mt. Kynthos on Delos. Plan of the EC IIIA Settlement. 4 35. Ay. Irini on Keos. a. House E (Phase 2); b. House D. 36. a. Daskalio Islet. An EC IIIA house; b. Daskalio on Keros. Plan of an EC IIIA house. 37. Kastraki on Naxos. Ground Plan of an EC IIIA house. 38. Korphi t' Aroniou. a. The excavated areas. b. The EC IIIA elliptical structure. 39. Pyrgos on Paros. The Architectural Remains of the EC IIIA period. 40. Chalandriani-Kastri on Syros. The location of the two settlements. 41. Kastri on Syros. The EC IIIA citadel. 42. a. Thebes. Apsidal Buildings A and B; b. Eutresis. Building L. 43. Lithares. Plan of the EH II Settlement. 44. a. Orchomenos. The EH layer of the round structures. b. Manika 3. The layout of the EH Settlement in Sector III. 45. Ay. Kosmas. Plan of the EH Settlement. 46. Aigina III. a. The Structures of Aigina III; b. Ground Plan of the "Weisses Haus". 47. a. Zygouries. Plan of the EH Settlement; b. Berbati EH Buildings B/R and A. 48. Tiryns. Restored Ground Plan of the "Rundbau". 49. Lerna III. a. Buildings and Fortifications of Phase C; b. Plan of Building BG of Phase C. 50. a. Asine. The EH structures R and S; b. Tsoungiza. The EH settlement; c. Tsoungiza. Sketch plan of House A; d. Tsoungiza. Sketch plan of House B. 51. Akovitika. The EH structures. 52. a. Ay. Dimitrios Plan of House A; b. Palamari on Skyros. Buildings in Sector B. 53. Malia. EM II Architectural Remains. 54. Palaikastro. "Block X". a. Plan of the Settlement; b. The EM lib House in "Block X". 55. Thermi on Lesbos. Plan on Town IV. 56. Troy. Plan of Walls of Troy IIc. 57. Troy. The "House of the City King". 58. Phylakopi on Melos. a. House 16 in E3; b. House 19 in J2; c. House 11-12 in J2. 59. Phylakopi on Melos. a. "First City" Remains in H2; b. "Second City" Remains in H2. 60. Paroikia on Paros. The EC IIIB Settlement. 61. Ftellos on Thera. Plan of the dug-out structure. 62. a. Map of Melos, showing the location of the EC IIIB Settlements; b. Kastro on Siphnos. Topographical Plan. 63. Phylakopi on Melos. a. The EC IIIB tombs around Phylakopi; b. The layout of the "Second City" of Phylakopi. 64. Eutresis. a. House H; b. Structures N and 0. 65. a. Aigina. Ground Plan of Aigina V; b. Berbati EH III Building N/P. 66. a. Tiryns. EH III Horizon 10; b. Lerna IV Structures of • Phase 2; c. Lerna IV Structures of Phase 3; d. Lerna IV Structures of Phase 4. 67. a. Tsoungiza. The House of the Querns; b. Palamari on Skyros. House B; c. Vasiliki IV. Buildings in Section P; d. Palaikastro. Remains in Section 3. 68. Ay. Irini. The Area of the Temple. 5 69. Ay. Irini on Reos. a. Structures of the Early and Middle Bronze Age. b. House A. Period V. 70. Mikri Vigla. a. Plan of the Site; b. Structures 5,6,7. 71. a. House Model from Melos; b. Pyxis from Naxos; c. Pyxis fro Melos; d. 1.2 Pyxis from Amorgos. 72. a. Plans of EH "Corridor Houses"; b. House E of Ay. Irini III. 73. a. Apsidal Buildings cp, x, w on Mt. Rynthos; b. Structure J at Ay. Kosmas; C. Orchomenos. Apsidal House Type C. 74. a. The earliest apsidal buildings at Poliochni I; b. House 103 at Troy Ia; c. Rachmani, House P. 6 LIST OF TABLES 1. Chronological Table of the Early Bronze Age in the Aegean. 2. Periods of occupation in the Cycladic islands. 7 LIST OF PLANS 1. The Main Excavated Area at Saliagos 2. Poliochni on Lemnos. Plan of Poliochni III. 3. Thermi on Lesbos. Plan of Town V. 4. Poliochni on Lemnos. Plan of Poliochni IV. 5. Poliochni on Lemnos. Plan of Poliochni V. 6. Phylakopi on Melos. Plan of the "First and Second Cities". 8 LIST OF PLATES A. Urbanization Characteristics. B. The Settlements. 1. Graphic presentation of the Size of the EC Settlements. 2. Graphic presentation of the Average Size of the EC houses. 3. Surface Homogeneity of the EC Settlements. 4. Markiani on Amorgos. Periods of occupation in the EBA. 5. a. Mt. Kynthos on Delos. Periods of occupation in the EBA. b. Grotta on Naxos. Periods of occupation in the EBA; c. Panormos on Naxos. Periods of occupation in the EBA.