STRIVER Deliverable D7.1 Part 1 DELIVERABLE D7.1 Part 1 Scientific report on pollution source assessment, including source apportionment results and pollution prevention measures STRIVER Deliverable D7.1 Part 1 Strategy and methodology for improved IWRM - An integrated interdisciplinary assessment in four twinning river basins Title: Scientific report on pollution source assessment, including source apportionment results, and pollution prevention measures Author(s) Fazi S., Lo Porto A. (eds). Contributions by: Line J. Barkved (NIVA), Antonio Lo Porto (IRSA), Stefano Fazi (IRSA), K.V. Raju (ISEC), N. Latha (ISEC), S. Manasi (ISEC), Johannes Deelstra (Bioforsk), Haakon Thaulow (NIVA), Suhas Paranjape (SOPPECOM), K.J. Joy (SOPPECOM) Report No. STRIVER Report No. D 7.1, Part 1 ISBN - Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IRSA) No. of pages: 104 p. Due date of deliverable: July 2008 Actual date of deliverable: June 2009 Dissemination level: PU Key words: nutrient pollution, Glomma, Tungabhadra, modelling Title of project: Strategy and methodology for improved IWRM - An integrated interdisciplinary assessment in four twinning river basins (STRIVER) Instrument: SUSTDEV-2005-3.II.3.6: Twinning European/third countries river basins. Contract number: 037141 Start date of project: July 2006 Duration: 36 months Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of the authors or the EC. The authors and publisher assume no liability for any loss resulting from the use of this report. STRIVER Deliverable D7.1 Part 1 1. Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Pressures: qualitative analyses on pollution source and main issues in Tungabhadra ..... 7 2.1 Tungabhadra ............................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Land use ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Pollution sources .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.3.2 Industrial Activities ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.3.3 Urban Settlements ............................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Pressures on groundwater ........................................................................................................ 17 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 22 2.6 Literature ................................................................................................................................... 22 3. Pressures: qualitative analyses on pollution source and main issues in Glomma (Hunnselva and Lena) ............................................................................................................. 23 3.1 Glomma River Basin ................................................................................................................. 23 3.2 The Hunnselva and Lena sub-basins ....................................................................................... 26 3.3 Physical description of Hunnselva and Lena sub-basins ....................................................... 26 3.3.1 Climate and Climatological data ......................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Land use and soil physical characteristics ........................................................................................... 31 3.4 Pollution sources in Hunnselva and Lena ............................................................................... 33 3.4.1 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.2 Industrial Activities and Urban settlements ......................................................................................... 36 3.5 Literature ................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Impacts: water quality analysis in Tungabadhra ............................................................... 38 4.1 Introduction: Stakeholder perceptions of the problems ........................................................ 38 4.2 Monitoring of water quality and related environmental data ............................................... 38 4.3 Analyses of the water quality levels, trends, spatial and temporal variability .................... 40 4.3.1 Prescribed Standards ........................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.2 Pollution hotspots identified by the CPCB .......................................................................................... 41 4.3.3 pH Values, Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand ........................................................ 42 4.4 Faecal and Total Coliform and Nitrogen values ..................................................................... 44 4.4.1 Faecal and Total Coliform ................................................................................................................... 44 4.4.2 Nitrogen and nutrient ........................................................................................................................... 45 4.5 The IWMI study on environmental flows ............................................................................... 47 4.6 Impact on fish ............................................................................................................................ 49 4.7 Response from civil society and state ....................................................................................... 50 4.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 51 4.9 Literature ................................................................................................................................... 52 5. Impacts: water quality analysis in Glomma (Hunnselva and Lena) ................................. 53 5.1 Water Quality issues in Mjøsa and Hunnselva/Lenaelva. ..................................................... 53 5.1.1 Lake Mjøsa – excessive eutrophication combatted ............................................................................. 53 5.1.2 Hunnselva ............................................................................................................................................ 54 STRIVER Deliverable D7.1 Part 1 5.2 Monitoring of water flow, water quality and related environmental data ........................... 55 5.2.1 Water flow ........................................................................................................................................... 56 5.2.2 Runoff generation ................................................................................................................................ 57 5.2.3 Hydrological characteristics ................................................................................................................ 58 5.3 Analyses of the water quality levels, trends, spatial and temporal variability .................... 60 5.4 Literature ................................................................................................................................... 65 Annex to Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................. 66 Annex to Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................. 76 Annex to Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................. 83 STRIVER Deliverable D7.1 Part 1 1. Summary The main objective in this Work Package 7 (WP7) of STRIVER is to analyse the possibilities for mutual transfer of know-how (e.g. experiences, concepts, results) and technology (e.g., methodologies, models) with regard to IWRM in general, and water pollution in particular, between the twinned basins Tungabhadra in India and Glomma in Norway (Figure 1-1). The main aim is to develop strategies towards improved methodology to quantify and analyse water pollution as part of an integrated framework consisting of different water and land use needs and users. Part of the methodology included the application of two simulation models (SWAT and TEOTIL), in the basins, both to quantify present sources of pollution and use them in quantifying scenarios concerning different BMP strategies. Part 1 of the Deliverable 7.1 includes an assessment of relevant data concerning basin characteristics and pollution including: analyses of the water