Addis Ababa University College of Natural and Computational Sciences Department of Zoological Sciences Five Years Prevalance of Malaria in Jardga Jarte Woreda ,Horoguduru Wollega Zone North West Ethiopia. By: Begna Beyene Deressa Advisor : Tegenu Galana (phD) A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Zoological Sciences of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Master of Science in General Biology. Addis Ababa, Ethopia August,2019 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thanks for the Almighty of God who respect me every aspect of my life. I would like express my special thanks to offer and gratitude to my advisor Dr. Tegenu galena, who helped me in various ways starting from title selection and conducting research as well as writing the whole paper. I am grateful to his constructive suggestion patience his assistance in guidance, constructive support, and encouragement throughout the work. My special thanks also go to administrators and laboratory technicians of Dandy, Harolago and Akeyu health centers for their cooperation in providing me with appropriate documents, data and information. Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratitude to Alibo preparatory school administration for their support in many aspects in this thesis work. Also thank full to the ministry of education for their financial support. I would also like to express my gratefulness to Tesfaye Yadeta for the material support and constructive idea to accomplish my thesis from the beginning to the end. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... v LIST OFAPPENDIX. .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OFACRONYMSAND ABBREVATION ........................................................................... vii 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of problem .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Objectives of the study ........................................................................................................ 5 1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Specific objectives ......................................................................................................... 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Malaria ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Plasmodium parasite ....................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2. Vectors. .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Malaria in the World ........................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Malaria disease burden in Africa. ...................................................................................... 11 2.4. Malaria in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 12 2.4. 1 Trends of malaria prevalence in Ethiopia .................................................................... 12 2.5. Malaria and climate ........................................................................................................... 14 2.6. Pathogenesis of the malaria ............................................................................................... 15 2.7. Drug Resistant of Malaria ................................................................................................. 19 ii 2.7.1 Factors responsible for the generation of drug resistance .......................................... 19 2.8. Diagnosis of Malaria. ........................................................................................................ 20 2.8.1 Clinical Diagnosis......................................................................................................... 21 2.8.2. Microscopic diagnosis ................................................................................................. 21 2.8.3. Molecular Diagnosis. ................................................................................................... 22 2.8.4. Antigen Detection ........................................................................................................ 22 2.9. Treatment ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.10. Malaria Prevention and Control in Ethiopia .................................................................... 24 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS. ............................................................................................. 27 3.1 Description of the study area .............................................................................................. 27 3.2. Study design ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.3. Study population and data collection ................................................................................ 29 3.4 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.5. Letter of cooperative ......................................................................................................... 29 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION. ................................................................................................ 30 4.1. The prevalence of malaria in Jardega Jarete district from 2015-2019 years. .................... 30 4. 2.The Pattern of plasmodium infections in Jardga Jarete district from 2015-2019year. ...... 31 4.3. The trend of malaria infection by the Plasmodium species in J/Jarete District from 2015– 2019 years. ........................................................................................................................ 35 4.4. Seasonal distribution of malaria infection in J/Jarete Wereda .......................................... 39 4.5. Prevalence of malaria with respect to months in Jardega Jarete district from 2015- 2019year. ........................................................................................................................... 42 6. REFERENCES. ........................................................................................................................ 46 7. APPENDIES. iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure,1.Anopheles mosquito (source WHO, 2012) ...................................................................... 9 Figure, 2. The distribution of malaria in the world (WHO, 2015) ................................................ 10 Figure, 3. The distribution of malaria in Africa (WHO, 2013)..................................................... 11 Figure, 4. Malaria distributions in Ethiopia (MOH, 2010). .......................................................... 13 Figure, 5. How Anopheles mosquito infect humans ( WHO, 2012). ............................................ 17 Figure,6.The life cycle of malaria parasite in human and mosquito ( CDC, 2014). .................... 18 Figure,7.Giemsa staining of blood cells showing infected two red blood cells (WHO, 2010) .... 21 Fig.8 ,Map of Jardega Jarete ........................................................................................................ 28 Figure.9.Total prevalence of malaria in the studies site from (20015-2019) years. ......................... iv LIST OF TABLES Table,1. Prevalence of Malaria among patients vestied the three health centers of Jardga Jarete district from 2015-2019 year. .......................................................................................... 30 Table, 2. Summary of total prevalence of malaria disease compared to other studies. ................ 32 Table, 3. Summery prevalence of malaria disease with respect to sex in JardagaJarete district compared to other studies. ............................................................................................... 34 Table, 4. Prevalence of plasmodium species in respect to sex and age groups in JardagaJarete district from 2015-2019 ................................................................................................... 35 Table, 5.The distribution of plasmodium species in Jardega Jarete district from 2015-2019year 36 Table, 6. The distribution of plasmodium species in study location in Jarete district from 2015- 2019 year ......................................................................................................................... 37 Table 7 Summary of predominant malaria parasite in JardgaJarete