ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use estec European Space Research and Technology Centre Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands T +31 (0)71 565 6565 F +31 (0)71 565 6040 www.esa.int Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment - Mission Requirements Document Prepared by Earth and Mission Science Division Reference ESA-EOPSM-CHIM-MRD-3216 Issue/Revision 2.1 Date of Issue 23/07/2019 Status Issued Document Type Mission Requirements Document (MRD) Distribution Public Maurice Borgeaud 2019.07.24 17:46:36 +02'00' ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use CHANGE LOG Reason for change Issue Nr. Revision Number Date Reference Nr. , update of Mission Requirements 1. 1 18/03/2018 General update, formatting, re-pagination 1. 2 05/07/2018 Update Traceability Matrix, References, consolidation 1. 3 31/01/2019 Mission Requirements, Issue for signature, minor updates 2. 0 31/03/2019 Issue for signature, minor updates 2. 1 23/07/2019 CHANGE RECORD Issue Number 1 Revision Number 1 Reason for change Date Pages Paragraph(s) Reference number 18/03/2018 1 MR-030, 040, 060, 085, 086, 090, 100, 110, 120, 125, 58-61 130, 135 Issue Number 1 Revision Number 2 Reason for change Date Pages Paragraph(s) General update (editing, formatting, references) 17/05/2018 all pages Re-pagination 05/07/2018 pages 34 to 43 Issue Number 1 Revision Number 3 Reason for change Date Pages Paragraph(s) Update Approval 31/01/2019 1 Update Chapter 4 53-59 Update Mission Requirements 30, 50, 80, 85, 86, 110, 62-67 120, 125, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, Update References 78-94 Issue Number 2 Revision Number 0 Reason for change Date Pages Paragraph(s) Issue for signature 27/03/2019 2 Insertion of Acronym title 27/03/2019 7 Punctuation clean-up 27/03/2019 74 Issue Number 2 Revision Number 1 Reason for change Date Pages Paragraph(s) Minor text edits 23/07/2019 11, 29, 38, 52, 69, 73 Update 6.4 1st para and MR-060 23/07/2019 63, 64 DISTRIBUTION Page 3/95 Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment - Mission Requirements Document Issue Date 23/07/2019 Ref ESA-EOPSM-CHIM-MRD-3216 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Name/Organisational Unit CHIME study team, CHIME Phase A/B1 contractor responsibles, Copernicus Task Force members Page 4/95 Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment - Mission Requirements Document Issue Date 23/07/2019 Ref ESA-EOPSM-CHIM-MRD-3216 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Table of contents: 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 7 2 BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION ....................................................... 8 3 USER NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ....................................................... 12 3.1 Hyperspectral Imaging And User Needs For Natural Resources Management ............ 12 3.2 Application Pillars Of Hyperspectral Imaging For Natural Resource Management ..... 13 3.2.1 Sustainable Agriculture And Food Security .................................................................. 13 3.2.1.1 Food Nutrition And Nutrition Quality ....................................................................... 14 3.2.1.2 Sustainable Use Of Nutrients And Water ................................................................... 17 3.2.1.3 Soil Degradation And Soil Properties ........................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Raw Materials ............................................................................................................... 29 3.2.2.2 Responsible Raw Materials Exploration And Mining ............................................... 29 3.2.2.2 Mine Environment Management ............................................................................... 30 3.2.3 Additional Applications ................................................................................................ 34 3.2.3.2 Biodiversity And Ecosystem Sustainability ............................................................... 34 3.2.3.2 Forestry ....................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.3.2 Coastal And Inland Waters ........................................................................................ 43 3.2.3.2 Environmental Degradation And Hazards ................................................................ 45 3.2.3.2 Hydrology / Cryosphere ............................................................................................. 49 3.3 Summary Of User Requirements And High Level Observational Requirements .......... 51 4 TRACEABILITY OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING MISSION POLICY NEEDS/APPLICATIONS, USERS & STAKEHOLDERS AND OBSERVATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................................... 54 5 MISSION OBJECTIVES ............................................................................. 61 6 MISSION REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................... 62 6.1 Spatial coverage and geometry ....................................................................................... 62 6.2 Observation Time ........................................................................................................... 63 6.3 Timeliness ....................................................................................................................... 63 6.4 Revisit Time .................................................................................................................... 63 6.5 Spatial Requirements ..................................................................................................... 64 6.6 Spectral Requirements ................................................................................................... 65 6.7 Radiometric Requirements ............................................................................................ 65 7 CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 69 7.1 Radiometric calibration .................................................................................................. 69 7.2 Spectral Calibration ........................................................................................................ 69 7.3 Dark Current Measurements .......................................................................................... 70 7.4 Geometric Calibration .................................................................................................... 70 7.5 Instrument Monitoring and Data Quality Control ........................................................ 70 7.6 Vicarious Calibration ...................................................................................................... 70 8 CAMPAIGNS ............................................................................................. 71 9 PRELIMINARY SYSTEM CONCEPT(S) ..................................................... 72 10 DATA PRODUCTS, USAGE AND ACCESS ................................................. 73 10.1 Core Data Products ......................................................................................................... 73 10.2 Higher Level Data Products ........................................................................................... 73 10.3 Contribution to EU Policies and Copernicus Services ................................................... 75 11 SYNERGIES AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT ....................................... 77 Page 5/95 Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment - Mission Requirements Document Issue Date 23/07/2019 Ref ESA-EOPSM-CHIM-MRD-3216 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use 12 REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 79 Page 6/95 Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment - Mission Requirements Document Issue Date 23/07/2019 Ref ESA-EOPSM-CHIM-MRD-3216 1 INTRODUCTION Evolution in the Copernicus Space Component (CSC) is foreseen in the mid-2020s to meet priority user needs not addressed by the existing infrastructure, and/or to reinforce services by monitoring capability in the thematic domains of CO2, polar, and agriculture/forestry. This evolution will be synergetic with the enhanced continuity of services for the next generation of CSC. Growing expectations about the use of Earth observation data to support policy making and monitoring puts increasing pressure on technology to deliver proven and reliable information. Hyperspectral imaging (also known as imaging spectroscopy) today enables the observation and monitoring of surface measurements (geo-biophysical and geo- biochemical variables) due to the diagnostic capability of spectroscopy provided through contiguous, gapless spectral sampling from the visible to the shortwave infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful remote sensing technology based on high spectral resolution measurements of light interacting with matter, thus allowing the characterisation and quantification of Earth surface materials. Quantitative variables derived from the observed spectra, e.g. directly through distinct absorption features are diagnostic for a range of new and improved Copernicus services with a focus on the precise management of natural resources. These services support the monitoring, implementation and improvement of a range of related policies and decisions. Thanks to well-established spectroscopic techniques, optical hyperspectral remote sensing has the potential to deliver significant