University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2003 Colonizing Cyberspace: The Formation of Virtual Communities Matthew Jones University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Jones, Matthew, "Colonizing Cyberspace: The Formation of Virtual Communities. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2003. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2039 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Matthew Jones entitled "Colonizing Cyberspace: The Formation of Virtual Communities." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. Janis Appier, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Kathleen Brosnan, Vejas Liulevicius Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Matthew Jones entitled “Colonizing Cyberspace: The Formation of Virtual Communities.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. ____________________Janis Appier Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Kathleen Brosnan____________________ Vejas Liulevicius____________________ Accepted for the Council: ___________________________Anne Mayhew Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Colonizing Cyberspace: The Formation of Virtual Communities A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Matthew Jones May 2003 ii Abstract The topic of this thesis is the electronic bulletin board systems that existed in Memphis, TN from the early 1980s until around 1999. Although initially a fringe hobby limited to computer enthusiasts, the declining cost of computers, and their subsequent proliferation, allowed those without technical proficiency to dial in. Over time, those who connected to the BBSes developed into a close-knit, emotionally involved community. The dynamics of the communities that arose on BBSes differed based on numerous factors, particularly age. This thesis attempts to examine those interactions, as well as challenge the notion that community is wedded to geography, an idea prevalent among historians. In order to accomplish this goal, I have relied on interviews with those who participated in the Memphis BBS scene, as well as a survey questionnaire for those unable to schedule meetings. In addition, many users retained log files, message base archives, and a host of other relevant materials which were also utilized as primary sources. A great wealth of data was also found on the World Wide Web, particularly among sites devoted to the BBSes. Computer-mediated communication is rapidly changing how individuals interact. Email, chat rooms, and instant messaging have already impacted how people build and maintain social networks. These changes are not as new as many thing, however. Well before the Internet, the BBSes altered those who participated in similar ways. Thus, this thesis examines the BBS community in order to broaden understanding of computer- mediated interaction in general. iii Table of Contents Introduction . 1 Chapter One . 12 Development of Digital Dispatches Chapter Two . .40 Asynchronous Adults Chapter Three . .66 Synchronous Students Conclusion . .97 Works Consulted . .102 Bibliographic Essay . 111 Appendices . .114 Appendix One . 115 Glossary Appendix Two . .117 Email Questionnaire Vita . 119 1 Introduction Many people saw the Internet in 1995 as a novel, and sometimes frightening, place. Before the fire, fury, and collapse of the dot-com technology bubble, few users ventured onto the so-called “Information Superhighway.” In fact, a poll showed only 9% of the adult population connected to the Internet at all.1 Popular conceptions of the Internet often stressed its unsavory aspects, both real and imagined. The movie The Net symbolized many American’s fears about the coming digital age. The protagonist, Angela Bennett, is a brilliant shut-in who isolates herself from “real life” contacts, preferring the world of distance and control provided by computers. In reality, those who used computer-mediated communication (CMC) to build friendships and communities were far from the anti-social recluses popular culture made them out to be. Airline pilots, lawyers, teachers, and homemakers, as well as teenagers of all stripes, had been meeting on BBSes for fifteen years before The Net hit theaters, and on a host of other services well before that. In the last twenty years, the microcomputer boom and the rise of the Internet have prompted a popular interest in the history of computers, particularly the development of the Internet. Stephen Levy’s Hackers has been through many editions and continues to be one of the definitive works about the history of personal computing.2 Matthew Lyon and Katie Hafner were among the first to approach this subject with Where Wizards Stay up Late, an overview of the development of the early history of the Internet.3 After this 1 Harris Interactive, “Those with Internet Access to Continue to Grow but at a Slower Rate.” [http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=356] (03 April 2003). 2 Steven Levy. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. (New York: Penguin Books, 2001). 3 Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon. Where Wizards Stay Up Late. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.) 2 work, a host of other histories appeared, including a Public Broadcasting System documentary entitled Triumph of the Nerds. Scholarly interest has lagged behind public interest in this field, with researchers only recently undertaking serious explorations. Of such examinations, most currently concentrate on the early days of the Arpanet and its evolution into the Internet. Although the development of the Internet is a topic of great importance and those forward thinking scientists and researchers who developed it are fascinating individuals, these subjects are not the alpha and omega of computer history. Without the microcomputer explosion in the early 1980s, for example, the demand for a computerized public information network would have been virtually nil. At this time, most published material focuses on the scientific and developmental aspects of computing, ignoring almost entirely its cultural and popular impact. Carolyn Marvin, writing in When Old Technologies Were New, commented, “The history of media is never more or less than the history of their uses, which always lead us away from them to the social practices and the conflicts they illuminate.”4 Marvin points out a critical flaw in the bulk of presently published research regarding the history of technology: research focuses on devices themselves rather than those whom they affect. Since at least the 1960s a thriving computer culture existed in America. Subsequent decades saw that culture develop, expand, and separate into numerous subcultures. This human aspect is missing from the history of computers. Stories of heroic developers trump those of everyday people who 4 Carolyn Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 8. 3 used these new machines to further their everyday lives by simplifying mundane chores, or used them to live their lives in ways undreamt of just a generation before. Although little secondary historical literature exists on the subject, the study of CMC, or its cultural impact, is not barren. Sociologists, psychologists, and anthropologists have undertaken studies on computers and their societal effects since as early as the 1980s. Before the ubiquitous connectivity provided by the Internet came on the scene, tens of thousands of computer enthusiasts connected to each other using electronic bulletin board systems, or BBSes. “A BBS,” Howard Rheingold explains in Virtual Communities, “is a personal computer, not necessarily an expensive one, running inexpensive BBS software, plugged into an ordinary telephone line via a small electronic device called a modem.”5 Users dialed into BBS computers with their own modems, allowing them to exchange messages, download files, and play games. According to Rheingold, writing in 1993, “When you walk down the street in your city or town, it is likely that at least one of the people you see every day is a BBSer.”6 Despite their past popularity, BBSes are an area rarely explored by historians. One anthropologist has published articles specifically about BBS interaction. David Meyers, interested primarily in how people play, wrote two major explorations into the subject of BBSes, but they produced no follow-up studies. This void is puzzling, particularly