IMMORTAL D-R4.4 21/10/04 Deliverable D-R4.4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF LICIT AND ILLICIT DRUGS ON DRIVING PERFORMANCE, PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION Public IMMORTAL CONTRACT NO GMAI-2000-27043 SI2.319837 Project Co-ordinator: Prof. Bob Hockey, University of Leeds Workpackage Leader: Inger Marie Bernhoft, Danish Transport Research Institute Authors: JG Ramaekers, KPC Kuypers, Brain & Behavior Institute, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University CM Wood, GRJ Hockey, S Jamson, H Jamson, E Birch, School of Psychology, University of Leeds Date: 28.09.2004 Project Funded by the European Commission under the Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme i IMMORTAL D-R4.4 21/10/04 School of Psychology, UNIV LEEDS DOCUMENT CONTROL INFORMATION Title Experimental studies on the effects of licit and illicit drugs on driving performance, psychomotor skills and cognition Author(s) JG Ramaekers, KPC Kuypers, CM Wood, GRJ Hockey, S Jamson, H Jamson, E Birch Editor(s) Date 28/09/2004 Report Number Reference and version Version 1 number Distribution Project Consortium Availability Public File QA check Nic Ward Authorised by Bob Hockey Signature ii IMMORTAL D-R4.4 21/10/04 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................10 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND....................................................................................10 1.2 TASK DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................11 2. STUDY A: A PLACEBO CONTROLLED STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF 3,4- METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA) 75mg AND METHYLPHENIDATE 20mg ON ACTUAL DRIVING PERFORMANCE, VISUOSPATIAL ATTENTION AND MEMORY DURING INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL ....................................................................................11 2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................11 2.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY............................................................................................13 2.3 METHODS..............................................................................................................14 2.3.1 Subjects..............................................................................................................14 2.3.2 Design, doses and administration ......................................................................14 2.3.3 Procedures .........................................................................................................15 2.3.4 Actual driving tests .............................................................................................15 2.3.5 Visuospatial attention .........................................................................................16 2.3.6 Learning and working memory...........................................................................17 2.3.7 Subjective evaluations........................................................................................18 2.3.8 Pharmacokinetic assessments...........................................................................18 2.3.9 Statistical analysis ..............................................................................................18 2.4 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................19 2.4.1 Missing data and Failures to complete the driving tests ....................................19 2.4.2 Actual driving tests .............................................................................................19 2.4.3 Visual spatial attention .......................................................................................22 2.4.4 Learning and working memory...........................................................................22 2.4.5 Subjective evaluations........................................................................................26 2.4.6 Pharmacokinetics ...............................................................................................26 2.5 DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................26 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................31 2.7 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................31 3. STUDY B: INTERACTION EFFECTS OF 3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA ) AND ALCOHOL ON ACTUAL DRIVING, PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR. .............................................................................................................................34 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................34 3.2 AIM OF THE STUDY ..............................................................................................35 3.3 METHODS..............................................................................................................36 3.3.1 Subjects..............................................................................................................36 3.3.2 Design, doses and administration ......................................................................36 3.3.3 Procedures .........................................................................................................37 3.3.4 Actual driving tests .............................................................................................38 3.3.5 Psychomotor performance .................................................................................39 3.3.6 Impulsivity and risk taking behavior ...................................................................40 3.3.7 Subjective evaluations........................................................................................41 3.3.8 Pharmacokinetic assessments...........................................................................41 3.3.9 Statistical analysis ..............................................................................................41 3.4 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................42 3.4.1 Missing values and failures to complete the driving tests ..................................42 3.4.2 Actual driving tests .............................................................................................42 3.4.3 Psychomotor tests..............................................................................................44 3.4.4 Impulsivity and risk taking behavior ...................................................................44 3.4.5 Subjective evaluations........................................................................................48 iii IMMORTAL D-R4.4 21/10/04 3.4.6 Pharmacokinetics ...............................................................................................48 3.5 DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................49 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................52 3.7 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................52 4. STUDY C: THE EFFECT OF COLD VIRUS AND COLD VIRUS MEDICATION ON COGNITIVE AND DRIVING PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................54 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................54 4.1.1 The common cold.............................................................................................54 4.2.1 Participants .................................................................................................................57 4.2.2 Medication ..................................................................................................................57 4.2.3 Experimental design ...................................................................................................57 4.2.4 Experimental timetable ...............................................................................................57 4.2.5 Procedure ...................................................................................................................59 4.2.6 Subjective measures ..................................................................................................59 4.2.7 Psychomotor performance..........................................................................................60 4.2.8 Driving performance ...................................................................................................62 4.3 Data analysis ....................................................................................................................67 4.4 Results ..............................................................................................................................67 4.4.1 Subjective measures ..................................................................................................67 4.4.2 Psychomotor performance..........................................................................................69 4.4.3 Driving performance ...................................................................................................73 4.5 Conclusions......................................................................................................................85