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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-19,445 BENNETT, Linda Anne, 1943- PATTERNS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AMONG SERBS, CROATS, AND SLOVENES IN WASHINGTON, D.C, The American University, Ph.D., 1976 Anthropology, cultural Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 0 1976 LINDA ANNE BENNETT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PATTERNS OP ETHNIC IDENTITY AMONG SERBS, CROATS, AND SLOVENES IN WASHINGTON, D.C. by Linda A. Bennett Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Signature of Committee: Dean of the College .. '6 mzs Date: ' 1976 The American University Washington, D.C. -20016 t h e AMERICAM UNI7EHSITY LIBRARY f 17 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. Brief description of the Ethnic Groups Theoretical Framework The Ethnic Groups Discussion of Concepts "Identity” "Ethnic Group" and "Ethnic Identity" "Socialization" "Values" Research Methods Personal Background Inclusion or Exclusion of Ethnic Groups Making Contacts Interviews and Participant-Observation II. THE BROADER PICTURE: SERBS, CROATS, AND SLOVENES IN YUGOSLAVIA AND THE UNITED STATES........................ 37 Ethnic Variability in Yugoslavia Ethnic Profiles by Republic Slovenia IStoveniga) Croatia (Hrvateka) Serbia {Srbiga) Bosnia-Hercegovina XBosna-Hevoegovina) Montenegro {Cma Gora, "Black Mountain") Macedonia [Makedoniga) The Spirit of South Slavic Nationalism South Slavic Migration to the United States Emigrant Statistics Reasons for Leaving Geographical Roots of the Study Group Settlements of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the United States Post-World War II Influx of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ii Chapter III. SERBS, CROATS, AND SLOVENES IN WASHINGTON, D. C.............. 101 History of Their Migration to Washington Census Data on Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Availability of Data Place of Birth and Mother Tongue Information Estimating Total Numbers of Ethnic Group Members in Washington Social ^ d Economic Characteristics Sex, Age, and 1965 Residence Education, Occupation, and income Summary of Census Data and Social and Demographic Characteristics of the Ethnic Groups IV. SOCIO-CÜLTURAL SPHERES OF ETHNIC IDENTITY................... 164 Names Kinship Translation of the Term "Family" Household Makeup Marrying-in and Marrying-out Distinguishing Characteristics of Families Family Rituals: Christmas, Easter and Krana Stava Adoptive Ties : Godparenthood Ethnic Bonds Beyond the Family Friendship Informal Social Groupings and Formal Organizations Political Inclinations Religious Affiliations Ethnolinguistics Language Learning and Maintenance Reading Orientations Ethnic Identity and Washington, D. C. The Study Group's Perceptions of Washington as a City Advantages and Disadvantages in the Maintenance of Ethnic Identity Historical Heroes as Symbols of Ethnic Identity V. SUMMARY OVERVIEW AND PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH....... 300 Indications of Ethnic Identity Maintenance Domains in Which Incentives and Constraints Operate The Historical Domain The Demographic Domàin The Societal Domain Ihe Organizational Domain The Familial Domain The Individual Domain iii Decision-Making Areas of Ethnic Identity Changes in Surnames Giving Children Ethnic or Non-Ethnic Names Marriage to Ethnic as Opposed to Non-Ethnic Spouse To Learn or Not to Learn tdie Ethnic Language Religion as tJie Primary Focus of Ethnic Identity Prospects for Future Research Appendix A. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR ETHNIC IDENTITY STUDY..............342 B. LIFE-HISTORY INTERVIEW TOPICS .......................... 351 C. SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEWEES. .352 D. FAMILY ORIGIN OF ETHNIC IDENTITY INTERVIEWEES ........... 357 E. PERSONS DESIGNATING SERBO-CROATIAN AND SLOVENIAN AS THE MOTHER TONGUE, BY CITY, 1970. ......................... 359 P. MEDIAN SCHOOL YEARS COMPLETED BY FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION YUGOSLAV-AMERICANS, BY CITY, 1970............. 362 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE TO CERTAIN CONSONANTS IN SERBO-CROATIAN AND SLOVENIAN............. 364 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 365 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Yugoslav Nationalities by Republic......................... 46 2. Changes in Ethnic Composition of Yugoslav Republics, 1953-1971 ......................................... 47 3. Ethnic Composition of Yugoslavia, 1961..................... 48 4. (a) Yugoslav Immigration to the United States, 1899-1923. 71 (b) Yugoslav Immigration to the United States emd Emigration to Yugoslavia, 1924-1940............................. 73 (c) Yugoslav Immigration to the United States, 1941-1973. 74 5. Interviewees' Reasons for Emigrating, by Period and Generation.............................................. 85 6 . Population Characteristics of Washington, D. C. Metropolitan Area, 1970.............................................. 121 7. Residence of First and Second Generation Yugoslav-Americans in the Washington, D. C. Metropolitan Area, 1920-1970 .... 123 8 . First Generation Persons Designating Serbo-Croatian as the Mother Tongue, Washington Metropolitan Area, 1910-1970. 128 9. First Generation Persons Designating Slovenian as the Mother Tongue, Washington Metropolitan Area, 1910-1970 ............ 128 10. Languages Designated as the Mother Tongue by First and Second Generation Yugoslav-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area, 1910-1970 ........................................... 133 11. Place of Birth Designated by Persons Speaking Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian as the Mother Tongue, Washington, D. C.r Metropolitan Area, 1970 ................................... 134 12. Persons Designating Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian as the Mother Tongue— Ranking by City, 1970 ............................. 139 13. Sex and Age Distribution for First and Second Generation Yugoslav-Americans, 1970................................. 141 V Table Page 14. Changes in Residence 1965-1970 Among First and Second Generation Yugoslav-Americans Living in the Washington Metropolitan Area................. ...................... 146 15. Number of School Years Complete by First and Second Generation Yugoslav-Americans, Washington, D. C. Metropolitan Area, 1970 ...................................... ............. 148 16. Economic Characteristics of First and Second Generation Yugoslav-Americans, Washington, D. C.,Metropolitan Area, 1970 ................................................... 153 (a) Occupational Category.................................. 153 (b) Class of Worker........................................ 154 (c) Income Level in 1969 .................................. 154 Vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Maps Page 1. The Republics, Autonomous Provinces, and Regions of Yugoslavia, Showing Major Cities and Towns.............. 39 2. The Linguistic Divisions of Yugoslavia.......................4 1 3. Major Physical Features of Yugoslavia .................... 43 4. Family Origin of 56 Ethnic Identity Interviewees............. 88 5. Washington, D. C. SMS A, Showing the Location of the 56 Interviewees......... 106 Figure 1. Model Showing the Connection between Individual Ethnic Identity Patterns, the Ethnic Groups, and the Wider Society ............................................... 8 2. Domains of Incentives and Constraints on Individual Decision-Making ....................................... 304 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Doing research, whether within the humanities, social sciences, or physical sciences, entails extensive work done individually by the researcher, apart from other people. Yet, as any researcher well knows, a substantial part of the work