COUNTRY PROFILE Tanzania Comoros This Country Profile is a reference tool, which provides analysis of historical political, infrastructural and economic trends. It is revised and updated annually. The EIU’s quarterly Country Reports analyse current trends and provide a two-year forecast. The full publishing schedule for Country Profiles is now available on our web site at http://www.eiu.com/schedule. 1999-2000 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. 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ISSN 1351-9034 Symbols for tables “n/a” means not available; “–” means not applicable Printed and distributed by Redhouse Press Ltd, Unit 151, Dartford Trade Park, Dartford, Kent DA1 1QB, UK Comparative economic indicators, 1998 EIU Country Profile 1999-2000 © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 1999 1 June 30th 1999 Contents Tanzania 5 Basic data 6 Political background 6 Historical background 9 Constituition and institutions 10 Political forces 12 International relations and defence 14 Resources and infrastructure 14 Population 15 Education 15 Health 16 Natural resources and the environment 16 Transport and communications 18 Energy provision 19 The economy 19 Economic structure 20 Economic policy 22 Economic performance 23 Regional trends 24 Economic sectors 24 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 25 Mining and semi-processing 26 Manufacturing 26 Construction 27 Financial services 28 Other services 28 The external sector 28 Trade in goods 30 Invisibles and the current account 31 Capital flows and foreign debt 32 Foreign reserves and the echange rate Zanzibar 33 Political background 33 Historical background 34 Constitution and institutions 34 Political forces © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 1999 EIU Country Profile 1999-2000 2 35 Resources and infrastructure 35 Population 36 The economy 36 Economic policy 36 Economic performance 37 Economic sectors 37 Agriculture and fishing 38 Manufacturing 39 Other services 39 The external sector 39 Trade in goods 40 Appendices 40 Regional organisations 46 Sources of information 47 Reference tables 47 Population census results 47 Minimum wage 48 Transport statistics (mainland) 48 Electricity production (mainland) 49 Government finances (Union) 49 Money supply and credit (Union) 50 Interest rates 50 Gross domestic product (mainland) 50 Gross domestic and national product (mainland) 51 Gross domestic product by expenditure (mainland) 51 Gross domestic product by expenditure (mainland) 51 Gross domestic product by sector (mainland) 52 Gross domestic product by sector (mainland) 52 Prices 52 Production of principal food crops (mainland) 53 Production of principal cash crops (mainland) 53 Industrial production (Union) 53 Minerals production (Union) 54 Tourism trends (Union) 54 Exports (Union) 54 Imports (Union) 54 Main trading partners (Union) 56 Balance of payments, IMF estimates (Union) 57 External debt, World Bank estimates (Union) 57 Net official development assistance (Union) 58 Foreign reserves (Union) 58 Exchange rates (Union) 58 Government finances (Zanzibar) 59 Gross domestic product (Zanzibar) EIU Country Profile 1999-2000 © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 1999 3 59 Gross domestic product by sector (Zanzibar) 59 Prices (Zanzibar) 60 Marketed production of principal cash crops (Zanzibar) 60 Tourism trends (Zanzibar) 60 Trend of external trade (Zanzibar) Comoros 61 Basic data 62 Political background 62 Historical background 68 Political forces 69 Constitution and institutions 70 International relations and defence 71 Resources and infrastructure 71 Population 72 Education 73 Health 73 Natural resources and the environment 74 Transport and communications 76 Energy provision 77 The economy 77 Economic structure 78 Economic policy 80 Economic performance 81 Economic sectors 81 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 84 Manufacturing 84 Financial services 85 Other services 86 The external sector 86 Trade in goods 87 Invisibles and the current account 88 Capital flows and foreign debt 89 Foreign reserves and the exchange rate 89 Appendices 89 Regional organisations 91 Sources of information 92 Reference tables 92 Government finances 92 Money supply 93 Gross domestic product © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 1999 EIU Country Profile 1999-2000 4 93 Gross domestic product 93 Gross domestic product by expenditure 94 Gross domestic product by expenditure 94 Price movements for basic goods and services 94 Balance of payments 95 External debt, World Bank estimates 95 Net official development assistancea 96 Foreign reserves 95 Exchange rates EIU Country Profile 1999-2000 © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 1999 Tanzania 5 Tanzania Basic data Land area 883,749 sq km (881,289 sq km mainland, 2,460 sq km Zanzibar), plus lakes totalling 59,100 sq km in area) Population 32.3m, including 825,000 in Zanzibar (1998 estimate) Main towns Population (1988 census) Dar es Salaam (capital) 1.36m Mwanza 223,000 Tanga 187,200 Zanzibar Town 157,600 Mbeya 152,800 Arusha 134,700 Climate Tropical on the coast, semi-temperate inland Weather in Dar es Salaam Hottest month, January, 23-32°C; coldest month, July, 18-29°C; driest month, (altitude 14 metres) September, 26 mm average rainfall; wettest month, April, 263 mm average rainfall Languages kiSwahili, English Measures Metric system Currency Tanzanian shilling (TSh). Average exchange rate in 1998: TSh664.7:$1. Exchange rate on June 25th 1999: TSh712.8:$1 Time Three hours ahead of GMT © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 1999 EIU Country Profile 1999-2000 6 Tanzania Political background The United Republic of Tanzania was formed by the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. The government is led by President Benjamin Mkapa of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party. Zanzibar has its own government for internal affairs (see Zanzibar: Political background). Historical background Early Arab influence— Although indigenous scholars are beginning to formulate a Tanzanian “history of itself”, the country’s early history has long been dominated by the writings and perceptions of foreigners. Arab traders were an early influence, establishing coastal settlements in the tenth century and 800 years later penetrating the interior as far as Lake Tanganyika, carrying with them Arab culture, Islamic beliefs and the Swahili language. Contacts with the outside world gradually increased through Zanzibar, especially after an Omani sultan, Sayyid Said, moved his capital from Muscat to the island in 1840. —gives way to German French, US, German and British interests competed for trade in the area, but domination the German East Africa Company proved particularly adept at persuading unsuspecting chiefs to sign “treaties of friendship”, and in 1885 the company’s sphere of influence—stretching from the coast of Zanzibar to the central states of Ruanda and Urundi—was declared a protectorate of the German state. Comparatively small numbers of German settlers followed—unlike Kenya’s fertile highlands, much of the country was deemed unsuitable for European farmers to colonise—but there was significant resistance to imperial rule. Indeed, the multi-ethnic Maji Maji rebellion, which engulfed much of the south of the