Crowdsourcing and the Architectural Competition as Organisational Technologies Kamstrup, Andreas Document Version Final published version Publication date: 2017 License CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Kamstrup, A. (2017). Crowdsourcing and the Architectural Competition as Organisational Technologies. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. PhD series No. 40.2017 Link to publication in CBS Research Portal General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us ([email protected]) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL TECHNOLOGIES CROWDSOURCING AND THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION AS ORGANISATIONAL SOLBJERG PLADS 3 DK-2000 FREDERIKSBERG DANMARK WWW.CBS.DK ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-93579-52-1 Online ISBN: 978-87-93579-53-8 Andreas Kamstrup CROWDSOURCING AND THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION AS ORGANISATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies PhD Series 40.2017 PhD Series 40-2017 Crowdsourcing and the architectural competition as organisational technologies Andreas Kamstrup Ursula Plesner Associate Professor Department of Organization Copenhagen Business School Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies Copenhagen Business School [words: 77.433] Andreas Kamstrup Crowdsourcing and the architectural competition as organisational technologies 1st edition 2017 PhD Series 40-2017 © Andreas Kamstrup ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-93579-52-1 Online ISBN: 978-87-93579-53-8 The Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies (OMS) is an interdisciplinary research environment at Copenhagen Business School for PhD students working on theoretical and empirical themes related to the organisation and management of private, public and voluntary organizations. All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. It goes on like that, you know the job… you're looking for narrative... uh... interrogate witnesses... parcel evidence... establish a timeline... build story... day after day... Rust Cohle, True Detectives 3 Acknowledgements First, thanks to Realdania and the Danish Architecture Centre for insisting on having doctorial research on a project. I have been happy and enriched to serve as a collective memory on what we could call an industry experiment. It goes without saying that without the good will and economic resources from Realdania this project would not have existed. Also, without the dedicated and curious people from DAC (Anna & Nina in particular) it would have been a completely different (in the bad sense) project to study. From the industry, I also owe many thanks to Nathalie Mossin, Mikkel Andreas Thomassen, Lennie Clausen, Lone Pfeiffer and Peter Hinsby. You have all contributed with unique, inviting and deep knowledge and curiosity beyond measures. The Department of Organisation (IOA) at the Copenhagen Business School is a place where I have felt at home from day one. Here, I have ‘served’ three different heads of department and two PhD coordinators, and yet, I have always felt the stable and superior, but also inviting and stoic ease radiating from those who know they are doing a pretty good job. It has been a pleasure to work in an environment shaped by both collaborative and competitive practices. Dearest TAP’er, you have helped me countless times when I have misplaced key cards, forgotten deadlines or managed to un-organise myself and/or my surroundings. Also, to the PhD administration and especially Katja Tingleff: it is incredible that you still smile each time I come by. Kristian Kreiner, you took time out of your calendar to meet me in the Christmas days of 2012 to discuss the undertaking of my project. You also served as discussant to a early draft of my work and your surprising and insightful research has a major influence on how I think. Of course, my supervisor Ursula Plesner. There are so many sides of you which a deeply treasure and trying to list them all is bound to either fail or take up way too much space. But. Your ability to deliver critique, insights, comments and your ability to know when to read along my project and when ‘to read against it’; your insistence on what my project is about (and certainly what it is not about) has helped me navigate and make sense in nonsense. Your superior ability to deliver feedback ‘close to the text’ and to ask the questions that pushes my project forward. Thank you. Anders Koed Madsen, Ib Tunby Gulbrandsen, Cecilie Glerup and Emil Husted. Thanks for welcoming me to the corner office, combining social activities (beer) with professional- intellectual discussions all in various ways pushing my project forward. To the current PhD students at IOA and to those who have moved on (Jakob, Mie, Mikkel and Rasmus): you’re quite an amazing bunch and it has been a delight working with (or at least ‘close to’) you. The valuation reading-and-feedback group has been an important engine in my project: Fabian, Amalie and Ida, I know we will keep working together somehow in the future. Thanks to Jan Mouritsen and Marianne Stang Våland for making my WIP 2 a rewarding experience. And 4 Marianne, thank you for taking such a huge interest in my project in this last phase and insisting on ‘architectural dimensions’. José Ossandon, I appreciate our talks on words, concepts, curation, technologies, organisations and all the things in between. Thank you for letting me take your time. Christian Frankel, thank you for useful feedback folded into discussions on methodology, theory and philosophy. I owe a very big thanks to Peter Holm Jacobsen, who has shown an incredible helpfulness and interest in my work. From the first day, we talked about our projects and to this day you have pushed me forward by asking good questions, suggesting literature and of course co-writing. Thanks to SCANCOR for letting me experience and learn from Stanford University and Silicon Valley. Thanks to Mitchell Stevens and Sarah Soule for being nice and competent hosts and especially thanks to Jesper Strandgaard and Lene Lillebro for supporting me both before, during, and after the stay. Also, the warmest feelings to The Wild Child Farm in San Francisco: you are my Peter Pans and Tinker Bells Sharing office with you, Emil, has actually made me look forward going work every day. You are knowing, funny and competent. You can help me occupy my brain any day. I almost got it done without reverting to clichés. But. I absolutely could not have done this without you, Trine! Mere lys, mere kærlighed. Mere lys, mere frihed. Andreas Kamstrup Valby, July 2017 5 Abstract In this dissertation, I take interest in crowdsourcing and architectural competitions as I focus on examining how a crowdsourcing platform works in the building industry and how the practices unfolding on it relates to – and maybe mimics – architectural competitions. The platform is operated and situated in the building industry, where ‘the architectural competition’ stands as an institution for how to coordinate interactions between actors. I also take interest in an architectural competition setup where dialogue between architects and jury is part of the setup. In overall terms, the research project aims to contribute to understanding novel interaction practices in the building industry and the architectural world at large. The research is based primarily on ethnographic explorations and the results hereof is the article-based dissertation you have just embarked on. The dissertation is structured in two parts, where the first contains most of the framework and plays the role of an extended reading guide to the three articles presented in the second part, which also contains the conclusion. In the first part, I set the scene by asking the main research question: how crowdsourcing and architectural competitions technologies are organised to create answers in architecture and the building industry? To guide this main question, I also ask how crowdsourcing and architectural competitions can be examined as organisational technologies? In establishing both the empirical and conceptual background for the research project, I argue for and establish two zeitgeists: ‘The digital imperative’ and ‘A competitive society’. I then present my empirical setup in detail, concluding with an elaboration of the crowdsourcing platform. In relation to methodological considerations I am inspired by Nietzsche’s notion of ‘philosophising with the hammer’, but otherwise my ontological and epistemological beliefs are grounded in pragmatism. I have been doing approximately two years of ethnographic work, which consists of observations, interviews and participation. Before reading the literature to find conversations partners, I take a little detour to establish my notion of ‘organisational technologies’. With this in mind, I read relevant literature on crowdsourcing and architectural competitions. In the second part, the three articles are presented. In the first I ask ‘What is open? When crowdsourcing meets the architectural competition’. This refers to the fact that openness 6 plays a significant role in both crowdsourcing and architectural competitions. With the use of affordances, I show that the platform successfully invites people to join, but that these crowd members begin to use the platform design in unexpected ways. In the second article called ‘Moments of Valuation in Crowdsourcing’, I examine the same platform this time to understand how winners are appointed. To do this I call on ‘moments of valuation’. I establish two such moments and show how especially community management plays a surprisingly decisive role.