![Walking Cautiously Into the Collatz Wilderness: Algorithmically, Number Theoretically, Randomly](https://data.docslib.org/img/3a60ab92a6e30910dab9bd827208bcff-1.webp)
Walking Cautiously into the Collatz Wilderness : Algorithmically, Number-Theoretically, Randomly Edward G. Belaga, Maurice Mignotte To cite this version: Edward G. Belaga, Maurice Mignotte. Walking Cautiously into the Collatz Wilderness : Algorithmi- cally, Number-Theoretically, Randomly. 2006. hal-00129726 HAL Id: hal-00129726 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00129726 Preprint submitted on 8 Feb 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés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email protected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
Details
-
File Typepdf
-
Upload Time-
-
Content LanguagesEnglish
-
Upload UserAnonymous/Not logged-in
-
File Pages18 Page
-
File Size-