MultipathTester: Comparing MPTCP and MPQUIC in Mobile Environments Quentin De Coninck Olivier Bonaventure UCLouvain, Belgium UCLouvain, Belgium [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—With the adoption of Multipath TCP by Apple for its Although smooth handovers are one of the key benefits iPhones, there is a growing interest in using multipath transport of Multipath TCP, its performance under those conditions to seamlessly support different network interfaces on mobile have not yet been analyzed in details. The first study of devices. In parallel, the IETF is actively developing the QUIC protocol which could replace TCP for some types of applications those handovers [5] confirmed that the Linux implementation and multipath extensions for QUIC have already been proposed. of Multipath TCP could provide smooth handovers but it We design and implement MultipathTester, an iOS application did not analyze various networks environments. Most of the that enables researchers to compare the performance of different scientific literature on Multipath TCP focused on its bandwidth multipath protocols on popular smartphones. Specifically, our aggregation capabilities [6]–[8], despite the importance of application compares the performance of iOS Multipath TCP with Multipath QUIC with various traffic types and conditions. smooth handovers for mobile applications. Recently, the networking community and the IETF have worked on the design and implementation of the QUIC [9] I. INTRODUCTION protocol aiming at providing the services of TCP, TLS and Many mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets or con- HTTP atop UDP. QUIC is being finalized within the IETF [10] nected cars are multihomed devices. They can be attached to and its first RFC is expected in July. This initial design will different networks such as cellular and Wi-Fi simultaneously. support a single path for each connection. Once the initial This multi-homing capability enables mobile devices to switch specification has been approved, the QUIC working group from one wireless network to another one without user in- will probably look at adding multipath support to the QUIC tervention. Unfortunately, TCP cannot spread connection data protocol. An initial design for Multipath QUIC [11], [12] has over multiple network interfaces, as each connection is bound already been proposed. Similarly to Multipath TCP, Multipath to the 4-tuple (IPsrc, portsrc,IPdst, portdst). QUIC allows the simultaneous usage of multiple network paths Several solutions have been proposed to enable mobile for a given connection. However, Multipath QUIC was only devices to switch from one network to another or use different evaluated in emulated environments [11] and its performance networks simultaneously, but only one of them, Multipath in real networks has not been studied yet. TCP [1], has been commercially deployed, especially with To encourage the evaluation of (Multipath) TCP and (Multi- mobile devices. In a nutshell, Multipath TCP is a TCP ex- path) QUIC, we design and implement MultipathTester [13], tension that divides a connection into several TCP subflows. an iOS application that tests how these different protocols be- Each TCP subflow carries a fraction of the TCP and the have under various conditions. It provides two experimentation receiver reorders the data received over the different subflows modes. The first one generates different traffic patterns ranging to deliver them in sequence. Another benefit of Multipath TCP from bulk transfer to delay-sensitive request-response and is that it if one of these subflows fails, Multipath TCP can observes how Multipath TCP and (Multipath) QUIC operates seamlessly shift its connection on another subflow without within stable network conditions. The second one requires the involving application intervention. This seamless handover user to move until it causes a network handover from Wi- capability convinced Apple in 2013 to integrate Multipath TCP Fi to cellular networks and observes how multipath protocols to support the Siri voice-activated application, making iPhones handle such changing network conditions. To our knowledge, the largest deployment of Multipath TCP [2]. For four years, this is the first Internet-wide comparison of Multipath TCP and Siri was the only application on iPhone that took advantage Multipath QUIC. We believe our open measurement platform of such multipath feature. But since September 2017, any would enable the community to study new QUIC extensions iOS11 application can now request the usage of Multipath in such mobile environments. TCP. As of today, 97 % of the iPhones have been upgraded This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the to iOS11 or greater [3]. Several Android smartphones also architecture of our measurement platform. Then, Section III support Multipath TCP to seamlessly use Wi-Fi and LTE [2], provides initial results about the usage of QUIC in real [4], but they are currently limited to specific countries. networks with stable conditions. Section IV summarizes our first results on how Multipath TCP and Multipath QUIC Quentin De Coninck is a F.R.S.-FNRS Research Fellow. handle handovers. Finally, Section V concludes this work. 978-3-903176-17-1 / © 2019 IFIP 221 II. DESIGN OF MULTIPATHTESTER In this section, we introduce MultipathTester, an iOS ap- plication aiming to evaluate the performance of multipath protocols. Our framework enables researchers to observe how multipath protocols behave under our different test modes we present first. We then elaborate on our measurement Fig. 1: Interactive traffic. infrastructure and implementation details. We finally provide a few statistics about the usage of our application. A. Test Modes MultipathTester relies on active measurements performed by voluntary users. For this purpose, at the first run and before performing any measurement, the application provides a consent form describing its research purpose to the user. Once agreed, the user can explicitly start generating active network traffics. Two kinds of experiments are available. First, Fig. 2: Mobility enables handover tests. the stable network mode benchmarks the connectivity using different traffic patterns. Second, the mobile mode studies the impact of network handovers on multipath protocols. Every 100 ms, both the client and the server send a 2KB 1) Stable Network Mode: During a stable network test, request to the peer that replies with a 750 bytes response. the user is expected to stay at the same place so that the On both data streams, the receiving host returns a short smartphone remains attached to the same network during application-level acknowledgment that confirms the reception the entire test. In these stable conditions, we benchmark the of each 2KB chunk. The sending host then computes the delay access point(s) to check if the studied transport protocols between the request and the corresponding acknowledgment. behaves correctly in these networks. MultipathTester monitors With such low-volume exchanges, we do not expect any the network connectivity during the test to detect user moves. interference with the receive nor the congestion windows. It relies on the Reachability API [14] to keep the list of Notice that we had to implement this traffic pattern differently available network interfaces from the device point of view. If for Multipath TCP and Multipath QUIC. With (Multipath) during its run, the availability of one network interface changes TCP we use two independent connections to prevent head- (e.g., Wi-FI being declared as lost by the device, cellular of-line blocking where a lost response blocks the delivery just getting Internet connectivity,...), the test is interrupted and of the next request. With (Multipath) QUIC we use a single classified as invalid. connection that carries two independent data streams. Different traffic patterns can be used with this mode. Stable 2) Mobile Mode: Our mobile tests focus on the situation network tests launch these traffic patterns sequentially, one presented in Fig. 2. A user is initially connected to both Wi- transport protocol at a time. The order of the runs are ran- Fi and cellular networks while sending and receiving data domized to avoid possible traffic correlation. MultipathTester simultaneously using the interactive traffic pattern. Then, the provides a common interface to define traffic patterns. We device moves away from the Wi-Fi access point. After some currently explore four simple patterns, yet easy to explain: time, as the Wi-Fi connectivity is fading, multipath transport ping, bulk, iperf and interactive. protocols switch to the cellular one. This network handover sit- Ping. This test simply sends a stream of five HTTP GET uation is one of the motivating cases for supporting multipath requests for a 10-byte file, and computes the median delay. in the transport layer, as they can migrate connections from It is mainly used to check the connectivity and to select one network to another one without notifying the application. the server with which further experiments will be performed. We simultaneously evaluate multipath protocols, meaning they Our experiment servers are currently located on different compete for the network interfaces at the same time. However, continents: Europe (France), North America (Canada) and due to the low total generated traffic volume (55 KB/s uplink Asia (Japan). and 55 KB/s downlink), we believe that the impact on the ob- Bulk. This test performs an HTTP GET request for a 10- served delays should be negligible.