1 CROSSING BORDERS CONFERENCE Contents Introduction 3 Title: The War in Syria and Europe’s Refugee Crisis. Author: Tim Anderson 5 Title: Adjusting the Migrant Narrative. Author: Sonia Anwar - Ahmed Martinez 38 Title: Beyond Human Rights: Being a refugee in the 21st century. Author: Zaruhi Baghdasaryan 48 Title: Migrating to Europe: Racism, Imperialism, Politics Now and a Politics for the Future 53 Author: Mike Cole Title: Radicalizing Democracy in schools. Author: Orestis Didimiotis 68 Title: Refugees, State and State-corporate crimes. Lesvos case. Author: Stratos Georgoulas 80 Title: Οι Επιπτώσεις Της Οικονοµικής Κρίσης Στην Μεταναστευτική Πολιτική Στην Ελλάδα 90 Author: Φιλιώ Κυπρίζογλου Title: The madness of working as a human rights lawyer in times where rights are (treated as) useless. 106 Author: Dimitris Koros Title: Commons beyond/against/underneath the nationstate. Notes on the crisis of the european border regime 2015 and the antiracist potentiality of encounter. 124 Author: Niki Kubaczek Title: The Middle East Refugee Crisis and the Foundations of Solidarity. Author: Radmila Nastić 136 Title: Το κίνηµα αλληλεγγύης στην Ελλάδα κατά τη διάρκεια της προσφυγικής κρίσης. Author: Πολιτάκη Αλεξάνδρα 146 Title: Waiting and Mobilisation in the ‘Jungle’ camp of Calais. Author: David Leone Suber 160 Title: Turkey’s Europeanisation: A Case of Self-Induced Divergence. Author: Petros Violakis 166 Title: Ευρώπη, or: The Border that therefore I am. Author: Sebastian Weier 193 Title: Greece. The Birthplace of a New Cultural Revolution. Author: Evy Yannas 219 2 CROSSING BORDERS CONFERENCE Introduction Today, “the West” is facing the worst crisis of human dispossession since the aftermath of the Second World War. Neocolonial exploitation, authoritarian regimes, imperialist wars, economic crises and ecological disasters have displaced over 60 million people, triggering a huge humanitarian crisis. Thousands of people, many of them children, have lost their lives in the attempt to reach safety. Yet Fortress Europe, whose imperialist actions have driven this crisis, keeps its borders shut for the refugees except for a tiny few, and even they must still endure dehumanizing conditions and policies. Meanwhile, ultra-right and fascist parties around the world are manipulating this situation for political gain and many countries, including Australia and the USA, are already considering closed-border policies. Within the EU, border-controls have been reintroduced by more and more member states. By linking terrorism with migration, governments and media are spreading a politics of fear that not only targets refugees and immigrants, but curtails basic democratic rights for all citizens. These conditions demand that radical scholars and thinkers reimagine our paradigms, our methods and our priorities. How do the border-crossing actions of migrants force us to rethink the power and violence of borders, the definition of “illegal, “forced” vs. ”voluntary” migration and the power of “status”? How do these conditions, along with the drama of austerity, necessitate a reconsideration of the power and potential of the state, political parties and the promise of “democracy.” ? What can we learn from the transnational solidarity efforts that have arisen in Lesbos, Eidomeni and elsewhere to meet common needs beyond the capacities and imagination of NGOs and the state? How can we find new ways to care for the dispossessed in an age of widespread and deepening inequalities? How can we understand today’s crises as continuous with global legacies of imperialism, capitalism, colonialism, racism, ecological destruction and primitive accumulation? How are they deepened and shaped by the dynamics of gender, sexuality, (dis)ability and other forms of oppression and exploitation? How can we build solidarity networks capable of not only providing the necessities of life but creating the transnational movements of systemic transformation that can overturn the forces that lead to displacement, neocolonial and imperialist exploitation and austerity? 3 CROSSING BORDERS CONFERENCE These urgent questions and conditions necessitate that radical activists, artists, politicians, refugees, scholars and students a gather, discuss and debate. This edited volume is a product of a conference held in Lesbos where all these urgent questions are being addressed and negotiated in practice, making it a space to share, to learn and to develop a common and collective courage and knowledge for the struggles to come. These 15 chapters address issues in a global view (from the war in Syria to the Middle East refuge crisis and Turkey’s Europeanisation), in an European (Ευρώπη, or: The Border that therefore I am, Beyond Fortress Europe), in an national (Greek migration policy, Refugees in Greece, Birthplace of a cultural revolution) and in a local view (Refugees and state corporate crime in Lesbos, Jungle camp in Calais). Maria Nikolakaki Stratos Georgoulas Andrej Grubacic 4 CROSSING BORDERS CONFERENCE The War in Syria and Europe’s Refugee Crisis Tim Anderson Abstract The roots of refugee crises lie in much larger human displacement crises, though Eurocentrism may not see it that way. In 2015 the top three sources of asylum seekers in the EU were Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq, countries subject to invasions and proxy wars involving several European powers. The numbers of displaced people within and without those countries are 20 times higher than those seeking refuge in Europe. Further, the Middle East wars have been driven systematically by the Washington- NATO plan for a ‘New Middle East’, not simply by factors endogenous to the region. These refugees are not fleeing oppressive regimes; they run to escape invasions and proxy wars backed by the western powers. Evidence makes it clear that NATO countries have backed every single terrorist group in Iraq and Syria, directly or indirectly, to weaken and dominate these countries. With Iraq and Syria we have seen an aggravation of the standard war-drives- emigration phenomenon. The terrorism fomented by NATO and the Gulf monarchies has ‘blown back’, provoking further European intervention. Yet disinformation campaigns have driven racial reactions in Europe to the target cultures and their emigrants, adding to the confusion over just who is responsible for the crisis. There is legitimate fear of terrorists joining the waves of refugees. Europe’s militarised responses in turn enhance European fears of an emigrant threat. In short, the USA and European powers are in large part responsible for the creation and aggravation of the displacement crisis, which led to a European refugee crisis. No real solution is conceivable without addressing the repeated wars, the root of the problem. Those concerned about refugees cannot ignore the wars that drive them, especially when they share responsibility for those wars. Many of the Europeans powers have backed wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and Syria which have caused massive displacements of peoples, a small fraction of which end up as refugees in Europe. In April 2016 Syria’s Grand Mufti, Sheikh Ahmed Badreddin Hassoun told this writer: “Tell [the Europeans] to stop the war on Syria. The refugees will stop within one day. Within one month they will return” (Hassoun 2016). His words were reinforced by Professor Francis Boyle: ‘All these refugees are fleeing because the 5 CROSSING BORDERS CONFERENCE United States government has been destroying their states’ (in Nevradakis 2016). These messages contradict some popular western myths, that the Syrian conflict is a ‘civil war’, that the Syrian Government is mainly responsible for the refugees, that displaced people are ‘fleeing the regime’ and that the western powers are playing some angelic, humanitarian role. It is widely acknowledged that the Syrian refugees arriving in Europe would prefer to go home. It has even been reported that many refugees in Germany have trouble when they try to do so (ABS 2016). Some in Canada and many in Lebanon say they want to return (Tharoor 2016; Holt 2016). So how might we best appreciate the mass displacement and the links between war and refugees? This paper argues that the US and European driven wars of the last 15 years, and in particular the proxy war on Syria, must be properly understood to appreciate the roots of displacement and the refugee issue. It begins by distinguishing actual history from the key myths of the war on Syria, then addressing the links between that war, human displacement and the subsequent refugee crises, before commenting on some appropriate understandings of these very human tragedies. 1. Disinformation in the War on Syria How can we credibly assess the ongoing war in Syria, where a large number of interested parties have invested such a lot in both its image and its outcome? The starting point must be by reference to principle, including international law and independent evidence. International law presumes that a sovereign country will resolve its own internal problems, and urges other nations to support that sovereign process. It follows that an intervener, in breach of international law, must present some extraordinary rationale. Failure to do so, or the presentation of fabricated pretexts for intervention, must attract concern that this is a war of aggression, the supreme international crime. To judge any such extraordinary claim, including that of ‘humanitarian intervention’, we should look for independent evidence and discount ‘self-serving’ evidence, which bolsters the propaganda of an aggressive