The Use of Pascalization in the Polish Food Industry

The Use of Pascalization in the Polish Food Industry

ANALITICAL REVIEW ARTICLES / ARTYKUŁY ANALITYCZNO-PRZEGLĄDOWE 203 Dr hab. Marek GRUCHELSKI Prof. WSM Warsaw Management University, Poland Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska w Warszawie, Polska inż. Marcin GRUCHELSKI Katarzyna PORĘBSKA Warsaw, Poland THE USE OF PASCALIZATION IN THE POLISH FOOD INDUSTRY – CHARACTERISTICS AND PROSPECTS® zastosowanie paskalizacji w polskim przemyśle spożywczym – charakterystyka i perspektywy® In recent years, pro-health food has become more and more W ostatnich latach żywność prozdrowotna cieszy się coraz popular. Particular attention is paid not only to unprocessed, większą popularnością. Szczególne zainteresowanie budzą nutritional fruit and vegetable products, but also high-quality nie tylko nieprzetworzone, wartościowe produkty owocowo meat products, dairy products and ready meals. It is the chan- -warzywne, ale również wysokiej jakości produkty mięsne, ges in consumer preferences that constitute the main, amongst nabiał oraz dania gotowe. To właśnie zmiany preferencji kon- others, driving force for scientists and food producers who are sumentów stanowią główną, choć nie jedyną, przyczynę po- looking for new concepts and directions to develop the food szukiwania przez naukowców oraz producentów żywności no- industry. wych koncepcji i kierunków rozwoju przemysłu spożywczego. Jednym z nowoczesnych rozwiązań, zgodnych z zasadą „mi- One of the hi-tech solutions, in line with the principle of “mi- nimalnego przetwarzania”, jak również, odpowiadających nimal processing”, as well as responding to the market de- na zapotrzebowanie rynku jest metoda wysokociśnieniowego mand, is the method of high-pressure food preservation, often utrwalania żywności, często określana mianem „paskaliza- referred to as “pascalization”. The advantage of this method cji”. Zaletą tej metody jest połączenie skutecznej degradacji is the combination of effective degradation of microorganisms drobnoustrojów oraz patogenów z jednoczesnym zachowa- and pathogens while maintaining the high quality of the pre- niem wysokiej jakości utrwalanego produktu. Dodatkowo, served product. Additionally, it allows to influence the texture, pozwala ona wpływać na kształtowanie tekstury, właściwości functional properties and sensory features of the product wit- funkcjonalne oraz cechy sensoryczne produktu bez wywiera- hout adversely affecting its nutrients. nia negatywnych skutków na jego składniki odżywcze. Modern technologies of food preservation are still rarely used Nowoczesne technologie utrwalania żywności są jeszcze do- on the domestic food processing market. This is due, inter alia, syć rzadko wykorzystywane na rodzimym rynku przetwórstwa to the fact that innovations in the production sector require spożywczego. Wynika to między innymi z faktu, iż innowacje high capital outlays, and individual food processing plants w sektorze produkcyjnym wymagają wysokich nakładów ka- most often do not have a sufficient capital base to invest in mo- pitałowych, a pojedyncze zakłady przetwórstwa spożywczego dern technologies. The current limitations in the large-scale najczęściej nie posiadają wystarczającej bazy kapitałowej po- application of the high-pressure food preservation method in zwalającej na inwestycje w nowoczesne technologie. Obecne the Polish food processing sector result directly from the high ograniczenia w zastosowaniu na szeroką skalę metody wy- price of high-pressure systems and higher processing costs sokociśnieniowego utrwalania żywności w polskim sektorze przetwórstwa spożywczego wynikają bezpośrednio z wysokiej than contemporary methods. ceny systemów wysokociśnieniowych oraz wyższych, wzglę- The solution to the problem of currently limited use of these dem metod klasycznych, kosztów przetwarzania. technologies on the Polish market should be sought, first of Rozwiązania problemu ograniczonego obecnie wykorzysta- all, in the approach to the issue of capital cooperation be- nia tych technologii na polskim rynku należy szukać, przede tween economic entities and in changing the states policy to- wszystkim, w sposobie podejścia do kwestii współpracy kapi- wards small and medium-sized enterprises. tałowej pomiędzy podmiotami gospodarczymi oraz w zmianie The aim of this article is to present pascalization as an alter- polityki państwa wobec małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. native and a modern method of pressure food preservation Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie paskalizacji, jako alter- as well as an indication of the prospects and possibilities of natywnej i nowoczesnej metody ciśnieniowego utrwalania introducing this technology on a large scale in the Polish żywności oraz wskazanie perspektyw i możliwości wprowa- food processing sector. dzenia tej technologii na szeroką skalę w polskim sektorze Key words: pascalization, food processing, food industry, su- przetwórstwa spożywczego. stainable development, HPP, high pressure processing, high Słowa kluczowe: paskalizacja, przetwórstwo spożywcze, pressure pasteurization, HHP, high hydrostatic pressure, UHP, przemysł spożywczy, rozwój zrównoważony, wysokociśnie- ultra high pressure. niowe utrwalanie żywności, HPP, HHP, UHP. Corresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: Marek Gruchelski, Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska w Warszawie, ul. Kawęczyńska 36, 03-772 Warszawa, Polska, e-mail: [email protected] 204 POSTĘPY TECHNIKI przetwórstwa spożywczego / TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS in food processing 2/2020 INTRODUCTION The final quality of the manufactured product is largely influenced by both the method and conditions of packaging Consumer awareness makes natural and healthy food and storage. There may be post-production hazards, secondary a standard element of the daily diet of consumers who lead contamination of food caused, inter alia, by: contact with a healthy and active lifestyle. Unprocessed, nutritious fruit production and commercial personnel, contaminated devices, and vegetable products are of particular interest [1, 2]. machines and storage areas. Recontamination often occurs Health-oriented expectations of customers refer not only during the portioning and packaging of finished products to products of plant origin, but also to meat products, dairy [16]. products and ready meals [3]. Customers expect fresh, healthy The important features of the packaging are not only its and preservative-free products, which are convenient and durability and flexibility, but also a correspondingly high tasty at the same time [10, 12]. barrier. It should be taken into account that the water present Changes in consumer preferences are the main, but not the in the products under the pressure used in the pascalization only, reason why scientists and food producers are looking for process has a compressibility of 16%. new concepts and directions for the development of the food The packaging, in addition to high barrier properties, industry. In addition, companies involved in the development should be flexible and tight. Other parameters that greatly or transport of food products are increasingly looking for new influence the efficiency of the pascalization process are the technologies to increase food safety and extend its shelf life pressure value, the initial temperature of the product and the [16, 17]. process time. The pressure level and the process time are values depending on the specificity of a given product. The PASCALIZATION – CHARACTERISTICS parameters are determined on the basis of preliminary tests, OF AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF carried out individually in order to optimize a given process. PRESERVING FOOD Although the high-pressure setting treatment is classified as a non-thermal process, the increase in pressure causes an Pascalization – Introductory issues adiabatic increase in temperature, which means that an increase in pressure by every 100 MPa increases the temperature of Since recently, Polish consumers can learn about new the product by 3-5 ° C. The temperature then returns to its food preservation technology, which is pascalization, i.e. original level at the time of decompression, which marks the high-pressure treatment. Other names for this process are: end of the process. Compared to the temperature achieved HPP (High Pressure Pasteurization), HHP (High Hydrostatic during thermal processes such as pasteurization, this increase Pressure) and UHP (Ultra High Pressure) [12]. The impact of is insignificant [1, 6]. high pressure is also called pre-pressure or pressurization. The most common name turns out to be the first abbreviation that The standard system for high-pressure machining consists will also be used in this article. of four basic parts: The advantage of pascalization method is the combination F a pressure vessel with a closure system and a heating of effective degradation of microorganisms and pathogens mantle that allows to obtain the appropriate tempera- while maintaining the high quality of the preserved product. ture; The high pressure targets the microbial cells, causing F pressure generating system; irreversible changes in them. It can also inactivate enzymes F pressure and temperature control and monitoring responsible for the deterioration of food quality, such as device; changes in consistency or color. Thanks to the pascalization, F system for moving the product to and from the tank. a product with an extended shelf life is obtained, with a quality similar to that of a natural product before the preservation The pressure vessel is usually a cylindrical vessel made process. Low molecular weight compounds, such as vitamins, of low-alloy, high-tensile steel. The thickness

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